Thymagen (Thymogen) is a dipeptide bioregulator with primary effects on the thymus and immune system. Originally isolated from calf thymus, Thymagen is now produced via recombinant DNA techniques. In Russia, Thymagen has been studied for its ability to treat cancer by regulating the body’s innate immune response. It has also shown promise in heart disease, diabetes, and as a post-operative treatment for improving surgical outcomes. Research shows that it can stimulate the immune response to a number of viruses and a variety of bacterial infections. It has shown success in the treatment of Hepatitis B and C.

Amino Acid Sequence: Glu-Trp (EW) Molecular Formula: C₁₆h₁₉n₃o₅ Molecular Weight: 333.34 g/mol PubChem CID: 100094 CAS Number: 38101-59-6 Synonyms: Oglufanide, Thymogen Source: PubChem

Cyclic nucleotides are single-phosphate nucleotides with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups. They are integral components of communication within cells, usually acting as second messengers within the cell after a protein on the cell surface has bound to something. In other words, cyclic nucleotides act as messengers within cells for substances that cannot enter the cells themselves. Research on Thymagen shows that it down regulates cyclic nucleotide catabolism. In other words, Thymagen slows the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides and thereby raises their levels within the cell[1]. This results in enhanced ability of cells, particularly those of the immune system, to respond to messages from other parts of the body. For example, increased levels of cyclic nucleotides could make cells of the immune system more responsive to invading pathogens by improving signaling between these cells. Summary of nucleoside signaling (nucleotides indicated as NTPs being converted to NMPs). Thymagen has been shown to increase the pool of NTPs and potentiate down-stream effects: Source: パブ The effects of Thymagen on the immune system begin, but don’t end at cyclic nucleotides though. Research in rat spleen and thymus has shown that Thymagen promotes the maturation of T-lymphoctye precursors into immunocompetent T-cells capable of fending off disease. This process of maturation is driven by the changes that Thymagen induces in cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels[2]. By optimizing cyclic nucleotide ratios, Thymagen helps to ensure that T-lymphocyte precursors are getting the signals that tell them they need to mature into full-flow cells of the immune system. Thymagen, along with other immunomodulatory molecules like Immunitor and Milife, has also been shown to induce interferon secretion[3]. Interferons are signaling proteins made by host cells in response to viral infection. They serve to modulate and coordinate immune defenses against viruses, but have also been shown to ward off cancer and are generally known as immune regulators. Interferons are used currently in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and in combination with chemotherapy and radiation in the treatment of certain cancers. They are also used in the treatment of both hepatitis B and C.

胸腺と炎症

炎症は、主に免疫系によって制御されるプロセスです。したがって、免疫系に影響を与えることができる物質が炎症にも影響を与える可能性があるという理由があります。これは、ティマーゲンが懸念している堅実な推論であることが判明しました。研究によると、胸腺はリンパ球数の正常化とT細胞機能活性を増加させるのに役立つことが示されています。これは、炎症誘発性サイトカインレベルを低下させることにより、炎症を下方制御する脱感作効果につながります。

胸腺と感染

Speaking specifically of the ability of Thymagen to affect the immune response to invading pathogens was a study carried out in guinea pigs infected with yersinia 腸組織 (a bacteria related to the bacteria that causes the Plague). The guinea pigs treated with Thymagen in this study showed increased nonspecific resistance to the bacteria as well as an increased specific humoral (antibody) response. Thymagen appeared to help regulate the immune response by focusing it on natural killer cell immunity and by helping to prevent autoimmune reactions. The overall result was to decrease the dissemination of Y. enterocoliticia そして最終的には体からの排除を支援する[4]。

胸腺と糖尿病

Research shows that patients with type 1 diabetes are suffering from secondary immunodeficiency in many cases. Thymagen, by promoting T-Cell differentiation, removes signs of this immunodeficiency and helps to correct the deficit. In fact, a clinical effect was seen in nearly 95% of patients in the study[5]. Diabetes actually leads to immunocompromise if left untreated. One of the primary results of this is infection with candida (yeast) species. These types of infection are notoriously difficult to treat and can lead to serious morbidity in people with diabetes. Research with Thymagen indicates that it can slow candidiasis in the setting of secondary immunodeficiency and give existing treatments and edge in eradicating the fungus[6].

胸腺と手術

特に腹部手術および免疫不全の個人については、手術後の感染症ではありません。高齢者は免疫不全とは見なされていませんが、免疫機能の低下の結果、手術後の感染の影響を受けやすくなります。胸腺を使用した研究は、手術の1週間前にペプチドを投与すると、術後の合併症の両方の数が減少することが明らかになりました。ペプチドはまた、回復を早め、正常な活性に戻ることにより、術後の期間を減らすように見えます[7]。

胸腺と心

Thymagen has been studied as a possible treatment for several different heart conditions. The earliest research looked at the ability of Thymagen to reduce arrhythmia using 6 different models of the disease condition. Research showed a beneficial effect, including a solid dose-response curve that indicated that the observed changes were in fact legitimate[8]. Thymagen has also been studied in isolated heart models where it has been found to have superior protective properties compared to commonly used drugs like verapamil[9]. In the setting of cardiac ischemia, protecting heart muscle from further damage is one of the primary goals of treatment prior to restoration of blood flow via catheterization, bypass grafting, or clot dissolution. Treatment with cardioprotective drugs can help to prevent long-term consequences like heart failure or the need for transplant. Thus, Thymagen may be a useful adjuvant in treating ischemic cardiac injury.

胸腺と癌

Research in rats shows that radiation-induced carcinogenesis can be inhibited by Thymagen. In fact, all carcinogenesis is inhibited by Thymagen, with rats exposed to radiation living roughly average lifespans while rats with no radiation exposure live above average lifespans[10]. This suggests that Thymagen may be a useful cancer preventative, helping to ward off the disease even in the setting of unknown exposures. According to Dr. Vladimir Anisimov, a collaborator of Dr. Vladimir Khavinson and an expert in cancer development, rats treated with Thymagen have been shown to have a decreased incidence of GI cancer. In fact, regardless of immune status in the study, the rats treated with Thymagen had a 12% reduction in tumor incidence as well as a 1.7-fold reduction in the number of tumors if they did develop cancer[11]. In other words, Thymagen appears to boost immune function against cancer. This suggests that Thymagen works to boost the body’s natural killer cell defenses, which are the front line against cancer, along with other aspects of the innate immune system. This helps to not only prevent cancer from developing, but reduces the rate and severity of spread in rats that do develop cancer.

チマーゲンの概要

Thymagen is a highly active peptide with primary effects on cells of the immune system. It has been shown to increase production and differentiation of T cells, stimulate the secretion of interferons, boost levels of cyclic nucleotides, and promote the functionality of the innate immune system. As a result of its effects on the innate immune system, Thymagen has also been shown to both help prevent cancer and reduce the severity of the disease. There is good evidence that Thymagen is useful as a peri-operative preventative measures against infection. It has been shown to increase rate of recovery following surgery and is potentially cardioprotective as well.

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. E. Logan, M.D. Dr. E. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

ウラジミール・ハビンソン is a Professor, President of the European region of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics; Member of the 医学科学のロシア語とウクライナのアカデミー; Main gerontologist of the Health Committee of the Government of Saint Petersburg, Russia; Director of the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; Vice-president of Gerontological Society of the ロシア科学アカデミー; Head of the Chair of Gerontology and Geriatrics of the North-Western State Medical University, St-Petersburg; Colonel of medical service (USSR, Russia), retired. Vladimir Khavinson is known for the discovery, experimental and clinical studies of new classes of ペプチド bioregulators as well as for the development of bioregulating peptide therapy. He is engaged in studying of the role of peptides in regulation of the mechanisms of ageing. His main field of actions is design, pre-clinical and clinical studies of new peptide ゼロゲロテクター. A 40-year-long investigation resulted in a multitude of methods of application of peptide bioregulators to slow down the process of ageing and increase human life span. Six peptide-based pharmaceuticals and 64 peptide food supplements have been introduced into clinical practice by V. Khavinson. He is an author of 196 patents (Russian and international) as well as of 775 scientific publications. His major achievements are presented in two books: “Peptides and Ageing” (NEL, 2002) and “Gerontological aspects of genome peptide regulation” (Karger AG, 2005). Vladimir Khavinson introduced scientific specialty “Gerontology and Geriatrics” in the Russian Federation on the governmental level. Academic Council headed by V. Khavinson has oversighted over 200 Ph.D. and Doctorate theses from many different countries. Prof. Vladimir Khavinson is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of Thymagen. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between

1. S. V. Demidov, A. N. Kostromin, V. V. Kuĭbeda, I. V. Chernaia, and M. I. Borovok, “[Effect of thymagen, thymalin and vilosen on the cAMP and cGMP levels and phosphodiesterase activity in spleen lymphocytes during sensitization and anaphylactic shock],” Ukr. Biokhimicheskii Zhurnal 1978、Vol。 63、いいえ。 4、pp。104–106、1991年8月。
2. A. L. Kozhemiakin, V. G. Morozov, and V. K. Khavinson, “[Participation of the cyclase system in the molecular mechanisms of differentiation control of immunocompetent cells],” Biokhimiia Mosc. Russ.、Vol。 49、いいえ。 4、pp。658–666、1984年4月。
3. D. S. Silin, O. V. Lyubomska, F. I. Ershov, V. M. Frolov, and G. A. Kutsyna, “Synthetic and natural immunomodulators acting as interferon inducers,” Curr. Pharm. Des.、Vol。 15、いいえ。 11、pp。1238–1247、2009、doi：10.2174/138161209787846847。
4. N. D. Iushchuk, G. I. Tseneva, T. V. Alenushkina, and L. B. Kuliashova, “[The efficacy of using thymogen in an experimental infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica],” Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.、 いいえ。 3、pp。 106–108、1995年6月。
5. E. A. Zhuk and V. A. Galenok, “[Thymogen in the treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus],” Ter. Arkh.、Vol。 68、いいえ。 10、pp。12–14、1996。
6. O. K. Khmel’nitskiĭ, G. M. Iakovlev, V. L. Belianin, V. K. Khavinson, V. G. Morozov, and V. I. Deĭgin, “[The effect of a synthetic thymus peptide (thymogen) on the immune system in candidiasis under immunodepression],” Arkh. Patol.、Vol。 52、いいえ。 1、pp。20–25、1990。
7. V. S. Smirnov, S. V. Petlenko, and S. S. El’tsin, “[Application thymogen for preoperative preparation of elderly patients with tumor processes in abdominal cavity],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol.、Vol。 24、いいえ。 2、pp。278–284、2011。
8. K. M. Reznikov, O. V. Vinokurova, V. V. Alabovskiĭ, and A. A. Vinokurov, “[The anti-arrhythmia properties of thymogen],” Eksp. Klin. Farmakol.、Vol。 57、いいえ。 6、pp。31–33、1994年12月。
9. O. V. Filippova, K. M. Reznikov, V. V. Alabovskił, V. V. Khamburov, and A. A. Vinokurov, “[The effect of thymogen on the heart in ischemia and reperfusion],” Eksp. Klin. Farmakol.、Vol。 60、いいえ。 3、pp。27–29、1997年6月。
10. V. N. Anisimov, G. I. Miretskiĭ, V. G. Morozov, I. A. Pavel’eva, and V. K. Khavinson, “[The effect of the synthetic immunomodulator thymogen on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in rats],” Vopr. Onkol.、Vol。 38、いいえ。 4、pp。451–458、1992。
11. V. G. Bespalov, D. N. Troian, A. S. Petrov, V. G. Morozov, and V. K. Khavinson, “[Inhibiting effect of thymogen on the development of tumors of the esophagus and forestomach induced by N-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester in rats],” Eksp. Onkol.、Vol。 11、いいえ。 4、pp。23–26、1989。

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