GHK with and without copper affects a large number of genes related to an organism’s response to stress and injury (tissue remodeling, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pain, anti-anxiety, blood vessel growth, nerve outgrowth, anti-cancer action). GHK sequence is included in the collagen molecule, and SPARC protein and GHK is naturally released after an injury due to protein breakdown. Copper is a transitional metal that is vital for all eukaryotic organisms from microbes to humans. Since it can be converted from oxidized Cu(II) to reduced Cu(I) form, it functions as an essential cofactor in a multitude of biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. A dozen enzymes use changes in copper oxidation states to catalyze important biochemical reactions, including cellular respiration, antioxidant defense, detoxification, blood clotting, and the connective tissue formation. Copper is required for iron metabolism, oxygenation, neurotransmission, embryonic development and many other essential biological processes.

1. GHK يمنع تخليق الفيبرينوجين

Fibrinogen consists of three polypeptide chains; alpha, beta, and gamma. GHK strongly suppresses the gene for the beta chain of fibrinogen. A lack of adequate FGB will effectively stop fibrinogen synthesis since equal amounts of all three polypeptide chains are needed to produce fibrinogen. GHK also suppresses the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) which is a main positive regulator of fibrinogen synthesis, through its interaction with fibrinogen genes. In cell culture systems, GHK suppresses IL-6 secretion in skin fibroblasts and IL-6 gene expression in SZ95 sebocytes. In summary, the effects of GHK on the FGB gene plus its effects on IL-6 production imply a suppression of overall fibrinogen production.

2. GHK ينشط نظام يوبيكويتين/البروتيازوم (UPS)

UPS يزيل البروتينات التالفة. يبدو أن الأنشطة العليا من UPS تأخير آثار الشيخوخة. حفزت GHK التعبير الجيني في 41 جينات UPS مع قمع جين واحد فقط UPS.

3. GHK ينشط جينات إصلاح الحمض النووي

يتم إصلاح تلف الحمض النووي على الفور في الخلايا الصغيرة والصحية ، مع تقدمنا ​​في العمر ، يبدأ تلف الحمض النووي في التراكم. إعادة ضبط نشاط جينات إصلاح الحمض النووي يمكن أن يقلل من الآثار الضارة للشيخوخة. كان GHK في المقام الأول تحفيز لجينات إصلاح الحمض النووي (47 ​​صعودا ، 5 لأسفل).

4. GHK يعمل كمضادات الأكسدة

ترتبط الجذور الحرة والمنتجات النهائية السامة لبيروكسيد الدهون بتصلب الشرايين ، والسرطان ، وإعتام عدسة العين ، ومرض السكري ، واعتلال الكلية ، ومرض الزهايمر وغيره من الحالات المرضية الشديدة في الشيخوخة. يحفز GHK 14 جينات مضادة للأكسدة ويمنع جينين مؤكسرين.

5. GHK يقمع الجينات الشبيهة بالأنسولين والأنسولين

The insulin family has been proposed as a negative controller of longevity; higher levels of insulin and insulin-like proteins reduce lifespan. GHK stimulates 3 genes in this system and suppresses 6 genes. The insulin/IGF-1- like receptor pathway is a contributor to the biological aging process in many organisms. The gene expression data suggests that GHK suppresses this system as 6 of 9 of the affected insulin/IGF-1 genes are suppressed. Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling is conserved from worms to humans. In vitro experiments show that mutations that reduce insulin/IGF-1 signaling have been shown to decelerate the degenerative aging process and extend lifespan in many organisms, including mice and possibly humans. Reduced IGF-1 signaling is also thought to contribute to the “antiaging” effects of calorie restriction.

6. GHK يقوم بإصلاح الأنسجة بواسطة TGF Superfamily

The most explored of GHK’s actions is the repair of damaged tissues (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue) either by the use of copper-peptide-containing creams or by induction of systemic healing. Campbell et al. found that GHK’s resetting of gene expression of fibroblasts from COPD patients fits into this category of tissue repair via the TGF beta superfamily. Campbell et al. also found that GHK directly increases TGF beta and other family members which activate the repair process.

7. الجينات التي تتحكم في السرطان

Caspase, growth regulatory, and DNA repair genes are important in cancer suppression. In 2010, Hong et al. identified 54 genes associated with aggressive, metastatic, human colon cancer. The Broad Institute’s Connectivity Map was used to find compounds that reverse the differential expressions of these genes. The results indicated that two wound healing and skin remodeling molecules, GHK at 1 micromolar and securinine at 18 micromolar, could significantly reverse the differential expression of these genes and suggested that they may have a therapeutic effect on the metastasis-prone patients.

خاتمة

The tripeptide GHK possesses many positive effects but declines with age. It improves wound healing and tissue regeneration (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue), increases collagen and glycosaminoglycans, stimulates synthesis of decorin, increases angiogenesis, and nerve outgrowth, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and increases cellular stemness and the secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, GHK has even been found to reset genes of diseased cells from patients with cancer or COPD to a healthier state. GHK exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. GHK for sale at

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

لورين بيكارت ، دكتوراه has released 109 publications and is developing patents and analyzing GHK’s effects on human gene expression of 4,192 genes. In addition to GHK’s published potential uses on جلد inflammation, metastatic cancer and COPD, it appears to have beneficial effects on other tissue systems such as the nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and mitochondrial system. His brief but detailed autobiography dives into the motivations and background behind his dedicating to skin, anti-aging, and life-long training. لورين بيكارت ، دكتوراه تتم الإشارة إليها كواحد من كبار العلماء المشاركين في البحث وتطوير GHK-CU. لا يوجد هذا الطبيب/العالم بأي حال من الأحوال يؤيد أو الدعوة إلى شراء أو بيع أو استخدام هذا المنتج لأي سبب من الأسباب. لا يوجد انتماء أو علاقة ، ضمنيًا أو غير ذلك ، بين

1. Pickart ، Loren & Vasquez-Soltero ، Jessica & Margolina ، Anna. (2015). الببتيد GHK كمغير طبيعي للمسارات الخلوية المتعددة في تجديد الجلد. Biomed Research International. معرف المقالة 648108. 10.1155/2015/648108.
2. Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(7) ، 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071987
3. Pickart L. Human Tri-peptide GHK وإعادة تشكيل الأنسجة. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008 ؛ 19 (8): 969-88. doi: 10.1163/156856208784909435. بميد: 18644225.
4. Loren Pickart, Jessica Michelle Vasquez-Soltero, Anna Margolina, “GHK and DNA: Resetting the Human Genome to Health”, BioMed Research International، المجلد. 2014 ، معرف المقالة 151479 ، 10 صفحات ، 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/151479

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