GHK with and without copper affects a large number of genes related to an organism’s response to stress and injury (tissue remodeling, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pain, anti-anxiety, blood vessel growth, nerve outgrowth, anti-cancer action). GHK sequence is included in the collagen molecule, and SPARC protein and GHK is naturally released after an injury due to protein breakdown. Copper is a transitional metal that is vital for all eukaryotic organisms from microbes to humans. Since it can be converted from oxidized Cu(II) to reduced Cu(I) form, it functions as an essential cofactor in a multitude of biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. A dozen enzymes use changes in copper oxidation states to catalyze important biochemical reactions, including cellular respiration, antioxidant defense, detoxification, blood clotting, and the connective tissue formation. Copper is required for iron metabolism, oxygenation, neurotransmission, embryonic development and many other essential biological processes.

1. GHK supprime la synthèse du fibrinogène

Fibrinogen consists of three polypeptide chains; alpha, beta, and gamma. GHK strongly suppresses the gene for the beta chain of fibrinogen. A lack of adequate FGB will effectively stop fibrinogen synthesis since equal amounts of all three polypeptide chains are needed to produce fibrinogen. GHK also suppresses the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) which is a main positive regulator of fibrinogen synthesis, through its interaction with fibrinogen genes. In cell culture systems, GHK suppresses IL-6 secretion in skin fibroblasts and IL-6 gene expression in SZ95 sebocytes. In summary, the effects of GHK on the FGB gene plus its effects on IL-6 production imply a suppression of overall fibrinogen production.

2. GHK active le système d'ubiquitine / protéasome (UPS)

Les UPS suppriment les protéines endommagées. Des activités plus élevées des UPS semblent retarder les effets du vieillissement. GHK a stimulé l'expression des gènes dans 41 gènes UPS tout en supprimant seulement un gène UPS.

3. GHK active les gènes de réparation de l'ADN

Les dommages à l'ADN sont rapidement réparés dans les cellules jeunes et saines, cependant, à mesure que nous vieillissons, les dommages à l'ADN commencent à s'accumuler. L'activité de réinitialisation des gènes de réparation de l'ADN peut diminuer les effets délétères du vieillissement. Le GHK était principalement stimulant pour les gènes de réparation de l'ADN (47 en haut, 5 vers le bas).

4. GHK agit comme un antioxydant

Les radicaux libres et les produits finaux toxiques de la peroxydation lipidique sont liés à l'athérosclérose, au cancer, aux cataractes, au diabète, à la néphropathie, à la maladie d'Alzheimer et à d'autres conditions pathologiques sévères du vieillissement. Le GHK stimule 14 gènes antioxydants et supprime deux gènes pro-oxydants.

5. GHK supprime les gènes de l'insuline et de l'insuline

The insulin family has been proposed as a negative controller of longevity; higher levels of insulin and insulin-like proteins reduce lifespan. GHK stimulates 3 genes in this system and suppresses 6 genes. The insulin/IGF-1- like receptor pathway is a contributor to the biological aging process in many organisms. The gene expression data suggests that GHK suppresses this system as 6 of 9 of the affected insulin/IGF-1 genes are suppressed. Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling is conserved from worms to humans. In vitro experiments show that mutations that reduce insulin/IGF-1 signaling have been shown to decelerate the degenerative aging process and extend lifespan in many organisms, including mice and possibly humans. Reduced IGF-1 signaling is also thought to contribute to the “antiaging” effects of calorie restriction.

6. GHK répare le tissu par la superfamille TGF

The most explored of GHK’s actions is the repair of damaged tissues (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue) either by the use of copper-peptide-containing creams or by induction of systemic healing. Campbell et al. found that GHK’s resetting of gene expression of fibroblasts from COPD patients fits into this category of tissue repair via the TGF beta superfamily. Campbell et al. also found that GHK directly increases TGF beta and other family members which activate the repair process.

7. Gènes de contrôle du cancer

Caspase, growth regulatory, and DNA repair genes are important in cancer suppression. In 2010, Hong et al. identified 54 genes associated with aggressive, metastatic, human colon cancer. The Broad Institute’s Connectivity Map was used to find compounds that reverse the differential expressions of these genes. The results indicated that two wound healing and skin remodeling molecules, GHK at 1 micromolar and securinine at 18 micromolar, could significantly reverse the differential expression of these genes and suggested that they may have a therapeutic effect on the metastasis-prone patients.

Conclusion

The tripeptide GHK possesses many positive effects but declines with age. It improves wound healing and tissue regeneration (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue), increases collagen and glycosaminoglycans, stimulates synthesis of decorin, increases angiogenesis, and nerve outgrowth, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and increases cellular stemness and the secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, GHK has even been found to reset genes of diseased cells from patients with cancer or COPD to a healthier state. GHK exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. GHK for sale at

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Loren Pickart, Ph.D. has released 109 publications and is developing patents and analyzing GHK’s effects on human gene expression of 4,192 genes. In addition to GHK’s published potential uses on peau inflammation, metastatic cancer and COPD, it appears to have beneficial effects on other tissue systems such as the nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and mitochondrial system. His brief but detailed autobiography dives into the motivations and background behind his dedicating to skin, anti-aging, and life-long training. Loren Pickart, Ph.D est référencé comme l'un des principaux scientifiques impliqués dans la recherche et le développement de GHK-Cu. Ce médecin / scientifique n'est en aucun cas approuvant ou préconise l'achat, la vente ou l'utilisation de ce produit pour quelque raison que ce soit. Il n'y a aucune affiliation ou relation, implicite ou autrement, entre

1. Pickart, Loren & Vasquez-Soltero, Jessica & Margolina, Anna. (2015). Peptide GHK comme modulateur naturel de multiples voies cellulaires dans la régénération cutanée. BioMed Recherche Internationale. ID de l’article 648108. 10.1155/2015/648108.
2. Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(7), 1987. Https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071987
3. Pickart L. Le remodelage du Tri-peptide humain et du remodelage des tissus. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2008; 19 (8): 969-88. doi: 10.1163 / 156856208784909435. PMID: 18644225.
4. Loren Pickart, Jessica Michelle Vasquez-Soltero, Anna Margolina, “GHK and DNA: Resetting the Human Genome to Health”, BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, ID d'article 151479, 10 pages, 2014. Https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/151479

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