GHK with and without copper affects a large number of genes related to an organism’s response to stress and injury (tissue remodeling, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-pain, anti-anxiety, blood vessel growth, nerve outgrowth, anti-cancer action). GHK sequence is included in the collagen molecule, and SPARC protein and GHK is naturally released after an injury due to protein breakdown. Copper is a transitional metal that is vital for all eukaryotic organisms from microbes to humans. Since it can be converted from oxidized Cu(II) to reduced Cu(I) form, it functions as an essential cofactor in a multitude of biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. A dozen enzymes use changes in copper oxidation states to catalyze important biochemical reactions, including cellular respiration, antioxidant defense, detoxification, blood clotting, and the connective tissue formation. Copper is required for iron metabolism, oxygenation, neurotransmission, embryonic development and many other essential biological processes.

1. GHK는 피브리노겐 합성을 억제합니다

Fibrinogen consists of three polypeptide chains; alpha, beta, and gamma. GHK strongly suppresses the gene for the beta chain of fibrinogen. A lack of adequate FGB will effectively stop fibrinogen synthesis since equal amounts of all three polypeptide chains are needed to produce fibrinogen. GHK also suppresses the production of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) which is a main positive regulator of fibrinogen synthesis, through its interaction with fibrinogen genes. In cell culture systems, GHK suppresses IL-6 secretion in skin fibroblasts and IL-6 gene expression in SZ95 sebocytes. In summary, the effects of GHK on the FGB gene plus its effects on IL-6 production imply a suppression of overall fibrinogen production.

2. GHK는 유비퀴틴/프로 테아 좀 시스템 (UPS)을 활성화합니다.

UPS는 손상된 단백질을 제거합니다. UPS의 높은 활동은 노화 효과를 지연시키는 것으로 보입니다. GHK는 41 개의 UPS 유전자에서 유전자 발현을 자극하면서 1 개의 UPS 유전자 만 억제했다.

3. GHK는 DNA 복구 유전자를 활성화시킨다

그러나 젊고 건강한 세포에서 DNA 손상이 즉시 복구되지만, 나이가 들어감에 따라 DNA 손상이 축적되기 시작합니다. DNA 복구 유전자의 활성을 재설정하면 노화의 해로운 영향을 감소시킬 수 있습니다. GHK는 주로 DNA 복구 유전자에 대한 자극적이었다 (47 UP, 5 다운).

4. GHK는 산화 방지제 역할을합니다

지질 과산화의 자유 라디칼 및 독성 최종 제품은 죽상 동맥 경화증, 암, 백내장, 당뇨병, 신장 병증, 알츠하이머 병 및 기타 심각한 병리학 적 조건과 관련이 있습니다. GHK는 14 개의 항산화 유전자를 자극하고 2 개의 프로 산화 유전자를 억제합니다.

5. GHK는 인슐린과 인슐린 유사 유전자를 억제합니다

The insulin family has been proposed as a negative controller of longevity; higher levels of insulin and insulin-like proteins reduce lifespan. GHK stimulates 3 genes in this system and suppresses 6 genes. The insulin/IGF-1- like receptor pathway is a contributor to the biological aging process in many organisms. The gene expression data suggests that GHK suppresses this system as 6 of 9 of the affected insulin/IGF-1 genes are suppressed. Insulin/IGF-1-like signaling is conserved from worms to humans. In vitro experiments show that mutations that reduce insulin/IGF-1 signaling have been shown to decelerate the degenerative aging process and extend lifespan in many organisms, including mice and possibly humans. Reduced IGF-1 signaling is also thought to contribute to the “antiaging” effects of calorie restriction.

6. GHK는 TGF 슈퍼 패밀리에 의한 조직을 수리합니다

The most explored of GHK’s actions is the repair of damaged tissues (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue) either by the use of copper-peptide-containing creams or by induction of systemic healing. Campbell et al. found that GHK’s resetting of gene expression of fibroblasts from COPD patients fits into this category of tissue repair via the TGF beta superfamily. Campbell et al. also found that GHK directly increases TGF beta and other family members which activate the repair process.

7. 암 제어 유전자

Caspase, growth regulatory, and DNA repair genes are important in cancer suppression. In 2010, Hong et al. identified 54 genes associated with aggressive, metastatic, human colon cancer. The Broad Institute’s Connectivity Map was used to find compounds that reverse the differential expressions of these genes. The results indicated that two wound healing and skin remodeling molecules, GHK at 1 micromolar and securinine at 18 micromolar, could significantly reverse the differential expression of these genes and suggested that they may have a therapeutic effect on the metastasis-prone patients.

결론

The tripeptide GHK possesses many positive effects but declines with age. It improves wound healing and tissue regeneration (skin, hair follicles, stomach and intestinal linings, and boney tissue), increases collagen and glycosaminoglycans, stimulates synthesis of decorin, increases angiogenesis, and nerve outgrowth, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and increases cellular stemness and the secretion of trophic factors by mesenchymal stem cells. Recently, GHK has even been found to reset genes of diseased cells from patients with cancer or COPD to a healthier state. GHK exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. GHK for sale at

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Loren Pickart, Ph.D. has released 109 publications and is developing patents and analyzing GHK’s effects on human gene expression of 4,192 genes. In addition to GHK’s published potential uses on 피부 inflammation, metastatic cancer and COPD, it appears to have beneficial effects on other tissue systems such as the nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and mitochondrial system. His brief but detailed autobiography dives into the motivations and background behind his dedicating to skin, anti-aging, and life-long training. Loren Pickart, Ph.D GHK-CU의 연구 및 개발에 관여하는 주요 과학자 중 한 명으로 언급되고 있습니다. 이 의사/과학자가 어떤 이유로 든이 제품의 구매, 판매 또는 사용을지지하거나 옹호하는 것은 아닙니다. 묵시적 또는 다른 방식으로 제휴 나 관계가 없습니다.

1. Pickart, Loren & Vasquez-Soltero, Jessica & Margolina, Anna. (2015). 피부 재생에서 다중 세포 경로의 천연 조절제로서 GHK 펩티드. Biomed Research International. 기사 ID 648108. 10.1155/2015/648108.
2. Pickart, L., & Margolina, A. (2018). Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(7), 1987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19071987
3. Pickart L. 인간 트라이 펩티드 GHK 및 조직 리모델링. J Biomater Sci Polym ed. 2008; 19 (8) : 969-88. doi : 10.1163/156856208784909435. PMID : 18644225.
4. Loren Pickart, Jessica Michelle Vasquez-Soltero, Anna Margolina, “GHK and DNA: Resetting the Human Genome to Health”, BioMed Research International, vol. 2014, 기사 ID 151479, 10 페이지, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/151479

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