Super MIC B Vitamin – Premium Injection-Grade Nutrient Blend

Our Super MIC B Vitamin formula is a lab-verified, high-potency blend designed for clinical use and advanced supplementation protocols. This meticulously balanced formula includes essential B vitamins, amino acids, and metabolic cofactors to support energy metabolism, liver health, and neurological function.

Each bottle is tested by AZLAB using advanced LCMS and HPLC methods, ensuring purity, accuracy, and compliance with industry standards. It is ideal for use in weight management clinics, anti-aging practices, and wellness centers seeking pharmaceutical-grade ingredients with traceable lab certification.

Clinically Tested Ingredients per Serving:

Trusted by healthcare professionals, this formula supports enhanced fat metabolism, liver detoxification, and cognitive function.

2. Introduction

High-Potency MIC+B Complex Verified by AZLAB

PeptideGurus presents Super MIC B Vitamin, a comprehensive blend of metabolic cofactors designed for professional use. Backed by LCMS and HPLC testing, every batch ensures precise dosing and quality, suitable for injection-based wellness therapies.

3. Description for SEO Purposes

Super MIC B Vitamin is a pharmaceutical-grade injectable formula combining Methionine, Inositol, Choline, and essential B vitamins. Lab-tested by AZLAB using LCMS and HPLC, it supports energy metabolism, liver detox, and nervous system health. Ideal for clinics, wellness providers, and B2B buyers looking for traceable, tested, and high-purity vitamin blends.

4. Keywords

MIC injection, B complex injection, methionine inositol choline, injection-grade vitamins, vitamin B5 B6 B12 injectable, l-carnitine injection, liver detox injection, fat burning injection, tested vitamin ampoule, pharmaceutical grade B vitamins, LCMS tested vitamins, lab verified injectable blend, methylcobalamin injectable, wellness clinic supplies

SS-31 30mg, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic peptide designed to improve mitochondrial function and enhance cellular energy production. SS-31 is particularly beneficial for individuals with mitochondrial diseases or conditions that involve impaired mitochondrial function. By targeting the mitochondria, SS-31 aims to improve energy metabolism, reduce oxidative stress, and support cellular health.

Key Properties and Uses of SS-31 30mg:

  1. Mitochondrial Protection:
    • SS-31 is known for its ability to target and protect the mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles in cells. It works by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes and reducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a key factor in many age-related diseases and conditions.
  2. Improves Cellular Energy Production:
    • By enhancing mitochondrial function, SS-31 helps improve cellular energy production. This can be beneficial for individuals suffering from conditions that cause fatigue or muscle weakness, as it supports the efficient production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell.
  3. Anti-Aging and Longevity:
    • Because mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging and age-related diseases, SS-31 is considered a potential anti-aging therapy. It helps mitigate mitochondrial damage caused by oxidative stress, which can lead to improved overall vitality and a reduction in age-related cellular decline.
  4. Treatment for Mitochondrial Diseases:
    • SS-31 is particularly beneficial for individuals with mitochondrial disorders, such as mitochondrial myopathy or Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). These conditions are characterized by impaired mitochondrial function, and SS-31 has been shown to help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
  5. Heart Health:
    • Some studies suggest that SS-31 may have cardiovascular benefits by improving the function of the heart’s mitochondria, which could help prevent or mitigate conditions like heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases that involve mitochondrial dysfunction.
  6. Neurological Health:
    • SS-31 has shown potential in protecting the brain and nervous system from neurodegeneration, particularly in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Its ability to reduce mitochondrial damage in neurons may help protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

Administration and Dosage:

  • Administration: SS-31 is typically administered via intravenous injection or subcutaneous injection, depending on the formulation and specific needs of the patient. The peptide is absorbed directly into the bloodstream, where it can target and improve mitochondrial function.
  • Dosage: The typical dosage of SS-31 30mg is 30mg per injection. The frequency and duration of use depend on the condition being treated, with cycles often lasting from a few weeks to several months. As with all peptides, dosing should be guided by a healthcare professional.

Considerations and Warnings:

  • Side Effects: SS-31 is generally well tolerated, with minimal side effects reported in clinical trials. Some individuals may experience mild reactions such as redness or swelling at the injection site. More severe side effects are rare but should be monitored.
  • Use Under Medical Supervision: Given the potent biological effects of SS-31, it is important to use this peptide under the supervision of a healthcare professional, especially for individuals with mitochondrial disorders or other chronic health conditions.
  • Regulatory Status: While SS-31 has shown promise in clinical trials, its approval and availability may vary by region. In some areas, it may still be considered an investigational or research peptide and not yet widely approved for clinical use.

Summary:

SS-31 30mg (Elamipretide) is a potent peptide that supports mitochondrial function, improves cellular energy production, and has potential therapeutic benefits in aging, fatigue, and mitochondrial diseases. Its ability to protect and enhance mitochondrial function makes it a valuable tool for improving overall health, particularly in conditions where mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role. Like all peptides, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure safety and efficacy.

Free (1) 30 ml Bacteriostatic Water
with qualified orders over $500 USD.
(excludes capsule products, cosmetic peptides, promo codes and shipping)

SS-31 helps improve mitochondrial function and overall production of energy via ATP synthesis. Research has shown its ability to reduce inflammatory cytokines which cause oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and more.

Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

What is SS-31?

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a small, aromatic peptide that easily penetrates cell and organelle membranes. It is thought to interfere with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS or free radicals) and promote energy production in cells by stabilizing the enzyme cardiolipin within mitochondria. Cardiolipin is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it acts as a fundamental component of the electron transport chain, the machinery by which most energy need for cellular functioning is produced.

Dysfunction of cardiolipin has been implicated as contributing to the pathology of a number of diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, heart failure, HIV, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and more. Cardiolipin is thought to be a major component of mitochondrial myopathy, which isn’t a single disease but rather is a group of neuromuscular disorders caused by damage to mitochondria. Mitochondrial myopathy is characterized by everything from muscle weakness and exercise intolerance to heart failure, seizures, and dementia. SS-31 is the first peptide to ever undergo clinical trials as a potential treatment for mitochondrial myopathy.

Sequence: D-Arg-Tyr(2,6-diMe)-Lys-Phe
Molecular Formula: C32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight: 639.8 g/mol
PubChem CID: 11764719
CAS Number: 736992-21-5
Synonyms: elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia

SS-31

Mitochondria Improvement

Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are among the most common inherited conditions in the world. They are caused by dysfunction in the energy-producing apparatus of mitochondria. Symptoms vary greatly between forms of the disease, but the most susceptible organ systems are those with high energy demands (e.g. nervous system, heart, kidney, etc.). Muscle involvement and exercise intolerance are almost universal in mitochondrial disorders. Common symptoms include easy fatigue, exercise intolerance, and seizures.

PMDs, and mitochondrial diseases in general, are primarily characterized by disturbances in the production of ATP. ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell and is necessary to almost every cell function. Stabilizing ATP production in the setting of mitochondrial disease has long been a goal of the medical profession. With the development of SS-31, that goal may final have been realized.

The first evidence that SS-31 could restore energy production in PMDs came from animal studies. In that research, rats who had suffered ischemia-perfusion injury (a non-genetic cause of mitochondrial disease) of the kidney were given SS-31. The peptide protected kidney structure, accelerated recovery of ATP production, and reduced cell death and necrosis within the kidney[1]. Subsequent studies in mice showed that SS-31 interacted with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondria membrane and revealed that the peptide could reduce symptoms of mitochondrial disease regardless of etiology. There is also evidence that it can improve mitochondrial dysfunction that results from age[2]–[4]. From these findings, it was relatively simple to convince the FDA to grant orphan drug status to SS-31 and pave the way to clinical trials.

In phase II trials in humans, SS-31 increased exercise performance after just 5 days of treatment and showed no safety concerns or prominent side effects[5]. Unfortunately, phase III trials failed to produce convincing evidence of SS-31’s clinical utility[6]. That said, there is good reason to believe that the trial endpoints simply weren’t appropriate and that additional work will result in the peptide being approved for the treatment of certain mitochondrial conditions. According to Dr. Bruce Cohen, director of the Neurodevelopment Science Center at Akron Children’s Hospital, the results for prior phase II clinical trials were very encouraging and so it is not time to give up. Rather, he notes, SS-31 should spur interest in this particular area and bring other big pharma research to the table[7]. It appears that that is already happening as the company that first brought SS-31 to clinical trials is planning to move forward with trials of a derivative of SS-31 as well as trials investigating other endpoints for SS-31 treatment[6].

As of right now, SS-31 is being tested in a number of different human diseases and under a number of different trial models. The peptide is considered safe to use in humans, so it can also be prescribed by doctors under compassionate care exceptions to patients who have no other treatment options. The peptide will likely become part of mainstream medical care for a number of conditions in the near future, but even now it is available to people who need it while clinical trial work is ongoing.

Ischemia

Perhaps the most compelling secondary application of SS-31 is in the treatment of heart failure. It has long been known that heart failure causes negative changes to the function of mitochondria and that these changes, in a kind of destructive cycle, cause heart failure to worsen. Research in human heart tissue treated with SS-31 shows significant improvements in mitochondrial oxygen flux and activity of specific components involved in the production of ATP. This particular study was carried out in a manner that precluded cardiolipin restructuring, however, suggesting that SS-31 may have a second mechanism of action on mitochondrial function that needs to be explored[4]. This finding has actually been replicated in a number of research studies, strengthening the idea that SS-31 is not just useful for restoring ATP production via cardiolipin interaction. The peptide is actively being investigated for its ability to alter the production of reactive oxygen species and improve mitochondrial function in both acute and chronic use situations.

Studies in dogs, for instance, show that chronic treatment with SS-31 can improve left ventricular function in the setting of advanced heart failure. Measures of mitochondrial respiration and maximum ATP synthesis correlated well in this study with overall improvement in left ventricular function implying that SS-31 could be an effective long-term treatment for improving energy dynamics and reducing cardiac remodeling in advanced heart failure[8].

Trials exploring the use of SS-31 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (heart attack) found that the peptide can drastically reduce levels of HtrA2. HtrA2 is a measure of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These results suggest that SS-31 may be useful in the context of acute heart attack to reduce the extent of injury and preserve cardiac tissue[9].

One role of mitochondrial-targeted therapy in heart failure:

 

Diabetes

Diabetes, while seemingly caused by a simple inadequacy in insulin secretion or function, is a complex condition with multiple pathophysiologic manifestations. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of mitochondrial impairment in the pathogenesis of the disease, particularly in type 2 diabetes. Treating mitochondrial dysfunction would thus be a way to ameliorate some of the long-term consequences of diabetes such as oxidative damage to small vessels. In a study in humans given SS-31, a marked decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species was observed. This suggests that SS-31 can help to reduce the oxidative damage that usually accompanies mitochondrial dysfunction and may therefore slow or halt the progression of microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the finding, in the same study, that SS-31 increased levels of SIRT1. SIRT1 levels have been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation in type 2 diabetes[10].

Reduces Inflammation

A theme throughout the sections above is inflammation and the ability of SS-31 to reduce it. In particular, SS-31 appears to be a potent regulator of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and thus helps to reduce the serious oxidative stress that arises from long-term illness such as diabetes, heart disease, and more.  Research in cell cultures suggests that SS-31 reduces inflammation and oxidative stress by reducing expression of FIS1[11]. FIS1 is a mitochondrial protein that is important for mitochondrial growth and division. Elevated levels of FIS1 have been observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases as well as a variety of cancers and are thought to be evidence of dysfunctional mitochondrial division secondary to dysfunction and inflammation.

There is also good evidence from mouse models to show that SS-31 reduces levels of the inflammatory cytokine CD-36, reduces expression of activated MnSOD, suppresses NADPH oxidase function, and inhibits NF-kappaB p65[12]. All of these are markers of high oxidative stress, so reducing their levels is indicative of reduced free radical production and an improved inflammatory status in the cell. NF-kappaB expression, in particular, is heavily associated with cellular inflammation and is chronically active in a number of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. With SS-31, mitochondria do not undergo inflammasome activation, which is to say they don’t convert from the primary production of ATP to primarily producing ROS.

Inflammasome activation is avoided and normal mitochondrial function is preserved in the setting of SS-31 administration:

SS-31 Summary

Though SS-31 was originally of interest because it is thought to regulate mitochondrial function in the setting of mitochondrial disease, there is also good evidence that the peptide can regulate mitochondria-induced inflammation. There is a lot of active interest in using SS-31 to improve mitochondrial function and thus overall production of energy via ATP synthesis. Though initial phase III trials were not successful, it is thought that this may be more a result of the endpoints measured as opposed to a true failure of the peptide to have any effect. Currently there are ongoing phase II trials and planned phase III trials to test SS-31 in a variety of different disease states and with a variety of different outcome measures. SS-31 may very well provide the key to understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in a variety of diseases and thus may prove useful in designing advanced treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and more.

SS-31 40mg, also known as Elamipretide, is a synthetic peptide designed to improve mitochondrial function and enhance cellular energy production. SS-31 is particularly beneficial for individuals with mitochondrial diseases or conditions that involve impaired mitochondrial function. By targeting the mitochondria, SS-31 aims to improve energy metabolism, reduce oxidative stress, and support cellular health.

Key Properties and Uses of SS-31 40mg:

  1. Mitochondrial Protection:
    • SS-31 is known for its ability to target and protect the mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles in cells. It works by stabilizing mitochondrial membranes and reducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which is a key factor in many age-related diseases and conditions.
  2. Improves Cellular Energy Production:
    • By enhancing mitochondrial function, SS-31 helps improve cellular energy production. This can be beneficial for individuals suffering from conditions that cause fatigue or muscle weakness, as it supports the efficient production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell.
  3. Anti-Aging and Longevity:
    • Because mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with aging and age-related diseases, SS-31 is considered a potential anti-aging therapy. It helps mitigate mitochondrial damage caused by oxidative stress, which can lead to improved overall vitality and a reduction in age-related cellular decline.
  4. Treatment for Mitochondrial Diseases:
    • SS-31 is particularly beneficial for individuals with mitochondrial disorders, such as mitochondrial myopathy or Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). These conditions are characterized by impaired mitochondrial function, and SS-31 has been shown to help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
  5. Heart Health:
    • Some studies suggest that SS-31 may have cardiovascular benefits by improving the function of the heart’s mitochondria, which could help prevent or mitigate conditions like heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases that involve mitochondrial dysfunction.
  6. Neurological Health:
    • SS-31 has shown potential in protecting the brain and nervous system from neurodegeneration, particularly in conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Its ability to reduce mitochondrial damage in neurons may help protect against cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases.

Administration and Dosage:

  • Administration: SS-31 is typically administered via intravenous injection or subcutaneous injection, depending on the formulation and specific needs of the patient. The peptide is absorbed directly into the bloodstream, where it can target and improve mitochondrial function.
  • Dosage: The typical dosage of SS-31 40mg is 40mg per injection. The frequency and duration of use depend on the condition being treated, with cycles often lasting from a few weeks to several months. As with all peptides, dosing should be guided by a healthcare professional.

Considerations and Warnings:

  • Side Effects: SS-31 is generally well tolerated, with minimal side effects reported in clinical trials. Some individuals may experience mild reactions such as redness or swelling at the injection site. More severe side effects are rare but should be monitored.
  • Use Under Medical Supervision: Given the potent biological effects of SS-31, it is important to use this peptide under the supervision of a healthcare professional, especially for individuals with mitochondrial disorders or other chronic health conditions.
  • Regulatory Status: While SS-31 has shown promise in clinical trials, its approval and availability may vary by region. In some areas, it may still be considered an investigational or research peptide and not yet widely approved for clinical use.

Summary:

SS-31 40mg (Elamipretide) is a potent peptide that supports mitochondrial function, improves cellular energy production, and has potential therapeutic benefits in aging, fatigue, and mitochondrial diseases. Its ability to protect and enhance mitochondrial function makes it a valuable tool for improving overall health, particularly in conditions where mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role. Like all peptides, it should be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider to ensure safety and efficacy.

Free (1) 30 ml Bacteriostatic Water
with qualified orders over $500 USD.
(excludes capsule products, cosmetic peptides, promo codes and shipping)

SS-31 helps improve mitochondrial function and overall production of energy via ATP synthesis. Research has shown its ability to reduce inflammatory cytokines which cause oxidative stress and inflammatory diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and more.

Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

What is SS-31?

SS-31 (elamipretide) is a small, aromatic peptide that easily penetrates cell and organelle membranes. It is thought to interfere with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS or free radicals) and promote energy production in cells by stabilizing the enzyme cardiolipin within mitochondria. Cardiolipin is part of the inner mitochondrial membrane where it acts as a fundamental component of the electron transport chain, the machinery by which most energy need for cellular functioning is produced.

Dysfunction of cardiolipin has been implicated as contributing to the pathology of a number of diseases including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, heart failure, HIV, cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and more. Cardiolipin is thought to be a major component of mitochondrial myopathy, which isn’t a single disease but rather is a group of neuromuscular disorders caused by damage to mitochondria. Mitochondrial myopathy is characterized by everything from muscle weakness and exercise intolerance to heart failure, seizures, and dementia. SS-31 is the first peptide to ever undergo clinical trials as a potential treatment for mitochondrial myopathy.

Sequence: D-Arg-Tyr(2,6-diMe)-Lys-Phe
Molecular Formula: C32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight: 639.8 g/mol
PubChem CID: 11764719
CAS Number: 736992-21-5
Synonyms: elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia

SS-31

Mitochondria Improvement

Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are among the most common inherited conditions in the world. They are caused by dysfunction in the energy-producing apparatus of mitochondria. Symptoms vary greatly between forms of the disease, but the most susceptible organ systems are those with high energy demands (e.g. nervous system, heart, kidney, etc.). Muscle involvement and exercise intolerance are almost universal in mitochondrial disorders. Common symptoms include easy fatigue, exercise intolerance, and seizures.

PMDs, and mitochondrial diseases in general, are primarily characterized by disturbances in the production of ATP. ATP acts as the energy currency of the cell and is necessary to almost every cell function. Stabilizing ATP production in the setting of mitochondrial disease has long been a goal of the medical profession. With the development of SS-31, that goal may final have been realized.

The first evidence that SS-31 could restore energy production in PMDs came from animal studies. In that research, rats who had suffered ischemia-perfusion injury (a non-genetic cause of mitochondrial disease) of the kidney were given SS-31. The peptide protected kidney structure, accelerated recovery of ATP production, and reduced cell death and necrosis within the kidney[1]. Subsequent studies in mice showed that SS-31 interacted with cardiolipin in the inner mitochondria membrane and revealed that the peptide could reduce symptoms of mitochondrial disease regardless of etiology. There is also evidence that it can improve mitochondrial dysfunction that results from age[2]–[4]. From these findings, it was relatively simple to convince the FDA to grant orphan drug status to SS-31 and pave the way to clinical trials.

In phase II trials in humans, SS-31 increased exercise performance after just 5 days of treatment and showed no safety concerns or prominent side effects[5]. Unfortunately, phase III trials failed to produce convincing evidence of SS-31’s clinical utility[6]. That said, there is good reason to believe that the trial endpoints simply weren’t appropriate and that additional work will result in the peptide being approved for the treatment of certain mitochondrial conditions. According to Dr. Bruce Cohen, director of the Neurodevelopment Science Center at Akron Children’s Hospital, the results for prior phase II clinical trials were very encouraging and so it is not time to give up. Rather, he notes, SS-31 should spur interest in this particular area and bring other big pharma research to the table[7]. It appears that that is already happening as the company that first brought SS-31 to clinical trials is planning to move forward with trials of a derivative of SS-31 as well as trials investigating other endpoints for SS-31 treatment[6].

As of right now, SS-31 is being tested in a number of different human diseases and under a number of different trial models. The peptide is considered safe to use in humans, so it can also be prescribed by doctors under compassionate care exceptions to patients who have no other treatment options. The peptide will likely become part of mainstream medical care for a number of conditions in the near future, but even now it is available to people who need it while clinical trial work is ongoing.

Ischemia

Perhaps the most compelling secondary application of SS-31 is in the treatment of heart failure. It has long been known that heart failure causes negative changes to the function of mitochondria and that these changes, in a kind of destructive cycle, cause heart failure to worsen. Research in human heart tissue treated with SS-31 shows significant improvements in mitochondrial oxygen flux and activity of specific components involved in the production of ATP. This particular study was carried out in a manner that precluded cardiolipin restructuring, however, suggesting that SS-31 may have a second mechanism of action on mitochondrial function that needs to be explored[4]. This finding has actually been replicated in a number of research studies, strengthening the idea that SS-31 is not just useful for restoring ATP production via cardiolipin interaction. The peptide is actively being investigated for its ability to alter the production of reactive oxygen species and improve mitochondrial function in both acute and chronic use situations.

Studies in dogs, for instance, show that chronic treatment with SS-31 can improve left ventricular function in the setting of advanced heart failure. Measures of mitochondrial respiration and maximum ATP synthesis correlated well in this study with overall improvement in left ventricular function implying that SS-31 could be an effective long-term treatment for improving energy dynamics and reducing cardiac remodeling in advanced heart failure[8].

Trials exploring the use of SS-31 in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (heart attack) found that the peptide can drastically reduce levels of HtrA2. HtrA2 is a measure of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These results suggest that SS-31 may be useful in the context of acute heart attack to reduce the extent of injury and preserve cardiac tissue[9].

One role of mitochondrial-targeted therapy in heart failure:

 

Diabetes

Diabetes, while seemingly caused by a simple inadequacy in insulin secretion or function, is a complex condition with multiple pathophysiologic manifestations. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of mitochondrial impairment in the pathogenesis of the disease, particularly in type 2 diabetes. Treating mitochondrial dysfunction would thus be a way to ameliorate some of the long-term consequences of diabetes such as oxidative damage to small vessels. In a study in humans given SS-31, a marked decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species was observed. This suggests that SS-31 can help to reduce the oxidative damage that usually accompanies mitochondrial dysfunction and may therefore slow or halt the progression of microvascular disease in type 2 diabetes. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the finding, in the same study, that SS-31 increased levels of SIRT1. SIRT1 levels have been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reduced inflammation in type 2 diabetes[10].

Reduces Inflammation

A theme throughout the sections above is inflammation and the ability of SS-31 to reduce it. In particular, SS-31 appears to be a potent regulator of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) and thus helps to reduce the serious oxidative stress that arises from long-term illness such as diabetes, heart disease, and more.  Research in cell cultures suggests that SS-31 reduces inflammation and oxidative stress by reducing expression of FIS1[11]. FIS1 is a mitochondrial protein that is important for mitochondrial growth and division. Elevated levels of FIS1 have been observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases as well as a variety of cancers and are thought to be evidence of dysfunctional mitochondrial division secondary to dysfunction and inflammation.

There is also good evidence from mouse models to show that SS-31 reduces levels of the inflammatory cytokine CD-36, reduces expression of activated MnSOD, suppresses NADPH oxidase function, and inhibits NF-kappaB p65[12]. All of these are markers of high oxidative stress, so reducing their levels is indicative of reduced free radical production and an improved inflammatory status in the cell. NF-kappaB expression, in particular, is heavily associated with cellular inflammation and is chronically active in a number of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. With SS-31, mitochondria do not undergo inflammasome activation, which is to say they don’t convert from the primary production of ATP to primarily producing ROS.

Inflammasome activation is avoided and normal mitochondrial function is preserved in the setting of SS-31 administration:

SS-31 Summary

Though SS-31 was originally of interest because it is thought to regulate mitochondrial function in the setting of mitochondrial disease, there is also good evidence that the peptide can regulate mitochondria-induced inflammation. There is a lot of active interest in using SS-31 to improve mitochondrial function and thus overall production of energy via ATP synthesis. Though initial phase III trials were not successful, it is thought that this may be more a result of the endpoints measured as opposed to a true failure of the peptide to have any effect. Currently there are ongoing phase II trials and planned phase III trials to test SS-31 in a variety of different disease states and with a variety of different outcome measures. SS-31 may very well provide the key to understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in a variety of diseases and thus may prove useful in designing advanced treatments for Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, heart disease, diabetes, kidney disease, and more.

Cardiogen 20mg is a specialized peptide bioregulator designed to enhance cardiovascular health. It focuses on improving the function and endurance of heart muscles, as well as supporting overall circulatory health. This makes it particularly valuable for individuals with cardiovascular issues or those looking to prevent heart-related health problems.

Key Properties and Uses of Cardiogen 20mg:

  1. Cardiac Function Improvement: Cardiogen is aimed at optimizing the function of the heart muscles. It enhances myocardial contraction, which can lead to improved heart output and efficiency. This is crucial for individuals with weakened heart conditions or those recovering from cardiac events.
  2. Supports Cardiovascular Health: By improving the heart’s functional capacity, Cardiogen helps in maintaining optimal cardiovascular health, reducing the risk of heart diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias.
  3. Enhances Circulatory System: This peptide helps to maintain the elasticity of blood vessels, which can improve blood flow and reduce the risk of hypertension and other vascular disorders.
  4. Anti-Aging Effects on Heart Cells: Cardiogen also offers anti-aging benefits by helping to regenerate heart cells and tissues. This can be particularly beneficial for elderly patients or those whose heart tissues have been damaged by oxidative stress or other environmental factors.
  5. Preventive Healthcare: For individuals at risk of cardiovascular diseases, Cardiogen can act as a preventive measure by enhancing the natural resilience of heart and vascular cells.

Administration and Dosage:

Considerations and Warnings:

Cardiogen 20mg offers a targeted approach to enhancing heart function and cardiovascular health, making it a valuable tool for both treatment and prevention of heart-related conditions. This bioregulator provides a novel way to support the heart’s natural functions and improve overall health outcomes.

Bacteriostatic Water

Overview

Retatrutide (20 mg) is a next-generation multi-receptor metabolic research peptide that represents the forefront of peptide innovation for obesity and glucose-metabolism research.
Engineered as a triple agonist, Retatrutide simultaneously activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors — three of the most important signaling pathways governing energy homeostasis, fat oxidation, and insulin regulation.

By combining the mechanisms of these three receptor families, Retatrutide enables researchers to study a holistic metabolic response that extends beyond single-target peptides. Early studies suggest this peptide’s triple-agonist design results in superior lipid mobilization, enhanced thermogenesis, reduced appetite signals, and improved glycemic control.

Each vial contains 10 mg of high-purity lyophilized Retatrutide, synthesized under controlled conditions and verified by third-party Janoshik laboratory analysis to ensure molecular accuracy and purity above 98%. This product is provided for research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications.

Scientific Background

Retatrutide’s development marks a paradigm shift in the peptide-research landscape. While earlier incretin-mimetic peptides such as GLP-1 agonists (e.g., semaglutide) demonstrated notable improvements in appetite control and glycemic management, their effects plateaued due to receptor-specific limitations.

Retatrutide was designed to overcome this bottleneck by engaging:

  • GLP-1 receptors, promoting satiety and delayed gastric emptying.

  • GIP receptors, enhancing insulin sensitivity and anabolic metabolism.

  • Glucagon receptors, stimulating energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

This triple receptor synergy creates a more balanced anabolic-catabolic interplay, providing a comprehensive research model for studying systemic metabolic health, obesity reduction, mitochondrial efficiency, and hormonal cross-talk.

Researchers have reported Retatrutide’s potential relevance to:

  • Weight-management studies, modeling significant body-fat reduction.

  • Glucose homeostasis research, focusing on improved insulin signaling.

  • Lipid metabolism, investigating the acceleration of hepatic and peripheral fat oxidation.

  • Energy-balance and appetite regulation, via central and peripheral signaling pathways.

As such, Retatrutide is being recognized as a next-generation standard for exploring metabolic multi-agonists.

Key Advantages

  • Triple receptor activation – GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon synergy.

  • Advanced weight-management model – simulates real-world metabolic responses.

  • High-purity peptide – >98% purity, Janoshik-certified.

  • Stable lyophilized format – optimized for long-term laboratory storage.

  • Ideal for metabolic, anti-obesity, and endocrinological studies.

Packaging & Quality Control

Each vial of Retatrutide 10 mg is sealed under aseptic conditions using high-grade glass vials to preserve peptide stability.
Every production batch is accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA) detailing HPLC and MS results confirming sequence integrity and purity.

All products are maintained in temperature-controlled storage facilities within our U.S.-based warehouse, allowing fast and compliant domestic shipping to qualified research institutions, laboratories, and distributors.

Storage & Handling

  • Store unopened vials at −20 °C in a dark, dry environment.

  • Once reconstituted, keep between 2–8 °C and use within a short research window.

  • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

  • For laboratory research only; not for human or veterinary administration.

SEO Meta Description

Retatrutide 10 mg is a high-purity triple-agonist research peptide targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for metabolic, obesity, and glucose-control studies. Janoshik verified; ships from U.S. warehouse.

SEO Keywords (Comma-Separated)

Retatrutide 10 mg, Retatrutide peptide, Retatrutide research peptide, GLP-1 GIP glucagon agonist, triple-agonist peptide, metabolic research peptide, weight-management peptide, obesity-research compound, peptide for glucose control, fat-oxidation peptide, energy-balance peptide, Janoshik-tested peptide, peptide for scientific research, Retatrutide USA stock

Bacteriostatic Water

 

Cagrilintide 5mg

Overview

Cagrilintide 5mg is a next-generation long-acting amylin analogue research peptide designed for advanced metabolic, obesity, and appetite-regulation studies.

As an amylin-based peptide, Cagrilintide targets one of the most important hormonal pathways involved in satiety signaling, gastric emptying, food-intake regulation, and body-weight research. Unlike GLP-1 receptor agonists, which primarily focus on incretin signaling, Cagrilintide provides researchers with a complementary mechanism centered on the amylin pathway.

This makes Cagrilintide a valuable research compound for studying appetite suppression, energy-balance modulation, metabolic adaptation, and body-composition changes. It has also gained significant attention in combination research models involving GLP-1 analogues such as semaglutide, where amylin and incretin pathways may be studied together for broader metabolic effects.

Each vial contains 5mg of high-purity lyophilized Cagrilintide, produced under controlled conditions and verified by third-party Janoshik laboratory analysis to confirm molecular identity and peptide purity. This product is provided strictly for research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications.

Scientific Background

Cagrilintide was developed as a long-acting analogue of amylin, a pancreatic peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin by beta cells. Native amylin plays an important physiological role in regulating satiety, slowing gastric emptying, reducing post-meal glucagon secretion, and supporting glucose-metabolism balance.

However, native human amylin has poor stability and a tendency toward aggregation, limiting its practical research use. Cagrilintide was engineered to improve stability, extend duration of action, and reduce aggregation tendency, making it more suitable for long-acting metabolic research models.

Its mechanism of interest is primarily linked to amylin-receptor pathway activation, which may help researchers investigate:

Appetite and satiety signaling through central nervous system pathways.

Delayed gastric emptying and reduced food-intake models.

Body-weight and fat-mass reduction research.

Glucose and glucagon regulation in metabolic studies.

Combination models with GLP-1 receptor agonists.

Compared with single-pathway incretin peptides, Cagrilintide allows researchers to explore a distinct but complementary metabolic mechanism. This has positioned it as an important research peptide in the expanding field of next-generation obesity and metabolic-disease investigation.

Cagrilintide is especially relevant for studies focused on:

Weight-management research, particularly food-intake and appetite-control models.

Amylin-pathway signaling, including receptor activation and downstream metabolic response.

Combination peptide research, especially with GLP-1 analogues.

Energy-balance studies, including satiety, caloric intake, and body-composition models.

Metabolic syndrome research, including glucose regulation and hormonal cross-talk.

Key Advantages

Long-acting amylin analogue – designed for sustained metabolic research activity.

Distinct mechanism from GLP-1 peptides – supports appetite and gastric-emptying studies through the amylin pathway.

Ideal for combination research – commonly studied alongside GLP-1 analogues such as semaglutide.

High-purity peptide – verified by third-party analytical testing.

Stable lyophilized format – optimized for laboratory storage and handling.

Suitable for obesity, appetite-regulation, and metabolic research models.

Packaging & Quality Control

Each vial of Cagrilintide 5mg is filled and sealed under controlled conditions using high-quality sterile glass vials to help preserve peptide stability.

Every production batch is supported by analytical documentation, including Certificate of Analysis data and third-party laboratory testing where applicable. HPLC analysis is used to assess peptide purity, while mass spectrometry is used to confirm molecular identity and sequence accuracy.

Our Cagrilintide 5mg is maintained under temperature-controlled storage conditions and prepared for reliable shipment to qualified research laboratories, institutions, and distributors.

Storage & Handling

Store unopened vials at −20 °C in a dry, dark environment.

After reconstitution, store between 2–8 °C and use within a short research window.

Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Use sterile laboratory technique when reconstituting.

For laboratory research only; not for human or veterinary administration.

SEO Meta Description

Cagrilintide 5mg is a high-purity long-acting amylin analogue research peptide for appetite, metabolic, obesity, and body-weight studies. Third-party tested; supplied in lyophilized vial format for research use only.

SEO Keywords

Cagrilintide 5mg, Cagrilintide peptide, Cagrilintide research peptide, amylin analogue peptide, long-acting amylin analogue, appetite-regulation peptide, obesity research peptide, weight-management research peptide, metabolic research peptide, body-weight research compound, amylin receptor research, GLP-1 combination research, Cagrilintide semaglutide research, peptide for metabolic studies, lyophilized Cagrilintide, Janoshik-tested peptide, research use only peptide

Bacteriostatic Water

Overview

Retatrutide (20 mg) is a next-generation multi-receptor metabolic research peptide that represents the forefront of peptide innovation for obesity and glucose-metabolism research.
Engineered as a triple agonist, Retatrutide simultaneously activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors — three of the most important signaling pathways governing energy homeostasis, fat oxidation, and insulin regulation.

By combining the mechanisms of these three receptor families, Retatrutide enables researchers to study a holistic metabolic response that extends beyond single-target peptides. Early studies suggest this peptide’s triple-agonist design results in superior lipid mobilization, enhanced thermogenesis, reduced appetite signals, and improved glycemic control.

Each vial contains 10 mg of high-purity lyophilized Retatrutide, synthesized under controlled conditions and verified by third-party Janoshik laboratory analysis to ensure molecular accuracy and purity above 98%. This product is provided for research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications.

Scientific Background

Retatrutide’s development marks a paradigm shift in the peptide-research landscape. While earlier incretin-mimetic peptides such as GLP-1 agonists (e.g., semaglutide) demonstrated notable improvements in appetite control and glycemic management, their effects plateaued due to receptor-specific limitations.

Retatrutide was designed to overcome this bottleneck by engaging:

  • GLP-1 receptors, promoting satiety and delayed gastric emptying.

  • GIP receptors, enhancing insulin sensitivity and anabolic metabolism.

  • Glucagon receptors, stimulating energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

This triple receptor synergy creates a more balanced anabolic-catabolic interplay, providing a comprehensive research model for studying systemic metabolic health, obesity reduction, mitochondrial efficiency, and hormonal cross-talk.

Researchers have reported Retatrutide’s potential relevance to:

  • Weight-management studies, modeling significant body-fat reduction.

  • Glucose homeostasis research, focusing on improved insulin signaling.

  • Lipid metabolism, investigating the acceleration of hepatic and peripheral fat oxidation.

  • Energy-balance and appetite regulation, via central and peripheral signaling pathways.

As such, Retatrutide is being recognized as a next-generation standard for exploring metabolic multi-agonists.

Key Advantages

  • Triple receptor activation – GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon synergy.

  • Advanced weight-management model – simulates real-world metabolic responses.

  • High-purity peptide – >98% purity, Janoshik-certified.

  • Stable lyophilized format – optimized for long-term laboratory storage.

  • Ideal for metabolic, anti-obesity, and endocrinological studies.

Packaging & Quality Control

Each vial of Retatrutide 10 mg is sealed under aseptic conditions using high-grade glass vials to preserve peptide stability.
Every production batch is accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA) detailing HPLC and MS results confirming sequence integrity and purity.

All products are maintained in temperature-controlled storage facilities within our U.S.-based warehouse, allowing fast and compliant domestic shipping to qualified research institutions, laboratories, and distributors.

Storage & Handling

  • Store unopened vials at −20 °C in a dark, dry environment.

  • Once reconstituted, keep between 2–8 °C and use within a short research window.

  • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

  • For laboratory research only; not for human or veterinary administration.

SEO Meta Description

Retatrutide 10 mg is a high-purity triple-agonist research peptide targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for metabolic, obesity, and glucose-control studies. Janoshik verified; ships from U.S. warehouse.

SEO Keywords (Comma-Separated)

Retatrutide 10 mg, Retatrutide peptide, Retatrutide research peptide, GLP-1 GIP glucagon agonist, triple-agonist peptide, metabolic research peptide, weight-management peptide, obesity-research compound, peptide for glucose control, fat-oxidation peptide, energy-balance peptide, Janoshik-tested peptide, peptide for scientific research, Retatrutide USA stock

Bacteriostatic Water

Overview

Retatrutide (10 mg) is a next-generation multi-receptor metabolic research peptide that represents the forefront of peptide innovation for obesity and glucose-metabolism research.
Engineered as a triple agonist, Retatrutide simultaneously activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors — three of the most important signaling pathways governing energy homeostasis, fat oxidation, and insulin regulation.

By combining the mechanisms of these three receptor families, Retatrutide enables researchers to study a holistic metabolic response that extends beyond single-target peptides. Early studies suggest this peptide’s triple-agonist design results in superior lipid mobilization, enhanced thermogenesis, reduced appetite signals, and improved glycemic control.

Each vial contains 10 mg of high-purity lyophilized Retatrutide, synthesized under controlled conditions and verified by third-party Janoshik laboratory analysis to ensure molecular accuracy and purity above 98%. This product is provided for research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications.

Scientific Background

Retatrutide’s development marks a paradigm shift in the peptide-research landscape. While earlier incretin-mimetic peptides such as GLP-1 agonists (e.g., semaglutide) demonstrated notable improvements in appetite control and glycemic management, their effects plateaued due to receptor-specific limitations.

Retatrutide was designed to overcome this bottleneck by engaging:

  • GLP-1 receptors, promoting satiety and delayed gastric emptying.

  • GIP receptors, enhancing insulin sensitivity and anabolic metabolism.

  • Glucagon receptors, stimulating energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

This triple receptor synergy creates a more balanced anabolic-catabolic interplay, providing a comprehensive research model for studying systemic metabolic health, obesity reduction, mitochondrial efficiency, and hormonal cross-talk.

Researchers have reported Retatrutide’s potential relevance to:

  • Weight-management studies, modeling significant body-fat reduction.

  • Glucose homeostasis research, focusing on improved insulin signaling.

  • Lipid metabolism, investigating the acceleration of hepatic and peripheral fat oxidation.

  • Energy-balance and appetite regulation, via central and peripheral signaling pathways.

As such, Retatrutide is being recognized as a next-generation standard for exploring metabolic multi-agonists.

Key Advantages

  • Triple receptor activation – GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon synergy.

  • Advanced weight-management model – simulates real-world metabolic responses.

  • High-purity peptide – >98% purity, Janoshik-certified.

  • Stable lyophilized format – optimized for long-term laboratory storage.

  • Ideal for metabolic, anti-obesity, and endocrinological studies.

Packaging & Quality Control

Each vial of Retatrutide 10 mg is sealed under aseptic conditions using high-grade glass vials to preserve peptide stability.
Every production batch is accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA) detailing HPLC and MS results confirming sequence integrity and purity.

All products are maintained in temperature-controlled storage facilities within our U.S.-based warehouse, allowing fast and compliant domestic shipping to qualified research institutions, laboratories, and distributors.

Storage & Handling

  • Store unopened vials at −20 °C in a dark, dry environment.

  • Once reconstituted, keep between 2–8 °C and use within a short research window.

  • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

  • For laboratory research only; not for human or veterinary administration.

SEO Meta Description

Retatrutide 10 mg is a high-purity triple-agonist research peptide targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for metabolic, obesity, and glucose-control studies. Janoshik verified; ships from U.S. warehouse.

SEO Keywords (Comma-Separated)

Retatrutide 10 mg, Retatrutide peptide, Retatrutide research peptide, GLP-1 GIP glucagon agonist, triple-agonist peptide, metabolic research peptide, weight-management peptide, obesity-research compound, peptide for glucose control, fat-oxidation peptide, energy-balance peptide, Janoshik-tested peptide, peptide for scientific research, Retatrutide USA stock

Bacteriostatic Water

Overview

Retatrutide (10 mg) is a next-generation multi-receptor metabolic research peptide that represents the forefront of peptide innovation for obesity and glucose-metabolism research.
Engineered as a triple agonist, Retatrutide simultaneously activates GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors — three of the most important signaling pathways governing energy homeostasis, fat oxidation, and insulin regulation.

By combining the mechanisms of these three receptor families, Retatrutide enables researchers to study a holistic metabolic response that extends beyond single-target peptides. Early studies suggest this peptide’s triple-agonist design results in superior lipid mobilization, enhanced thermogenesis, reduced appetite signals, and improved glycemic control.

Each vial contains 10 mg of high-purity lyophilized Retatrutide, synthesized under controlled conditions and verified by third-party Janoshik laboratory analysis to ensure molecular accuracy and purity above 98%. This product is provided for research use only and is not approved for human or veterinary applications.

Scientific Background

Retatrutide’s development marks a paradigm shift in the peptide-research landscape. While earlier incretin-mimetic peptides such as GLP-1 agonists (e.g., semaglutide) demonstrated notable improvements in appetite control and glycemic management, their effects plateaued due to receptor-specific limitations.

Retatrutide was designed to overcome this bottleneck by engaging:

  • GLP-1 receptors, promoting satiety and delayed gastric emptying.

  • GIP receptors, enhancing insulin sensitivity and anabolic metabolism.

  • Glucagon receptors, stimulating energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

This triple receptor synergy creates a more balanced anabolic-catabolic interplay, providing a comprehensive research model for studying systemic metabolic health, obesity reduction, mitochondrial efficiency, and hormonal cross-talk.

Researchers have reported Retatrutide’s potential relevance to:

  • Weight-management studies, modeling significant body-fat reduction.

  • Glucose homeostasis research, focusing on improved insulin signaling.

  • Lipid metabolism, investigating the acceleration of hepatic and peripheral fat oxidation.

  • Energy-balance and appetite regulation, via central and peripheral signaling pathways.

As such, Retatrutide is being recognized as a next-generation standard for exploring metabolic multi-agonists.

Key Advantages

  • Triple receptor activation – GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon synergy.

  • Advanced weight-management model – simulates real-world metabolic responses.

  • High-purity peptide – >98% purity, Janoshik-certified.

  • Stable lyophilized format – optimized for long-term laboratory storage.

  • Ideal for metabolic, anti-obesity, and endocrinological studies.

Packaging & Quality Control

Each vial of Retatrutide 10 mg is sealed under aseptic conditions using high-grade glass vials to preserve peptide stability.
Every production batch is accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA) detailing HPLC and MS results confirming sequence integrity and purity.

All products are maintained in temperature-controlled storage facilities within our U.S.-based warehouse, allowing fast and compliant domestic shipping to qualified research institutions, laboratories, and distributors.

Storage & Handling

  • Store unopened vials at −20 °C in a dark, dry environment.

  • Once reconstituted, keep between 2–8 °C and use within a short research window.

  • Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

  • For laboratory research only; not for human or veterinary administration.

SEO Meta Description

Retatrutide 10 mg is a high-purity triple-agonist research peptide targeting GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors for metabolic, obesity, and glucose-control studies. Janoshik verified; ships from U.S. warehouse.

SEO Keywords (Comma-Separated)

Retatrutide 10 mg, Retatrutide peptide, Retatrutide research peptide, GLP-1 GIP glucagon agonist, triple-agonist peptide, metabolic research peptide, weight-management peptide, obesity-research compound, peptide for glucose control, fat-oxidation peptide, energy-balance peptide, Janoshik-tested peptide, peptide for scientific research, Retatrutide USA stock

Bacteriostatic Water

Free (1) 30 ml Bacteriostatic Water
with qualified orders over $500 USD.
(excludes capsule products, cosmetic peptides, promo codes and shipping)

Thymagen (Thymogen) is a highly active bioregulator peptide with primary effects on cells of the immune system. It has been shown to increase production and differentiation of T cells, stimulate the secretion of interferons, boost levels of cyclic nucleotides, and promote the functionality of the innate immune system. As a result of its effects on the innate immune system, Thymagen has also been shown to help prevent cancer and reduce the severity of the disease. Research has shown that Thymagen is useful as a peri-operative preventative measures against infection. It has been shown to increase rate of recovery following surgery and is potentially cardioprotective as well.

Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

THYMAGEN 25MG – Research Grade Peptide

Thymagen is a peptide researched for its role in immune system and thymus-related cellular studies. It has been widely used in immunology research, aging-related studies, and investigations involving immune regulation at the cellular level.

Our Thymagen 25mg is manufactured to research-grade standards, ensuring high purity, strong stability, and consistent quality. The lyophilized form protects the peptide structure and allows for extended storage without degradation.

This product is well-suited for laboratories, biotech companies, and distributors focusing on immune system and longevity-related peptide research.

Thymagen (Thymogen)

Thymagen (Thymogen) is a dipeptide bioregulator with primary effects on the thymus and immune system. Originally isolated from calf thymus, Thymagen is now produced via recombinant DNA techniques. In Russia, Thymagen has been studied for its ability to treat cancer by regulating the body’s innate immune response. It has also shown promise in heart disease, diabetes, and as a post-operative treatment for improving surgical outcomes. Research shows that it can stimulate the immune response to a number of viruses and a variety of bacterial infections. It has shown success in the treatment of Hepatitis B and C.

Thymagen Structure

Amino Acid Sequence: Glu-Trp (EW)
Molecular Formula: C16H19N3O5
Molecular Weight: 333.34 g/mol
PubChem CID: 100094
CAS Number: 38101-59-6
Synonyms: Oglufanide, Thymogen

MoleculeSource: PubChem

Thymagen and Immune System

Cyclic nucleotides are single-phosphate nucleotides with a cyclic bond arrangement between the sugar and phosphate groups. They are integral components of communication within cells, usually acting as second messengers within the cell after a protein on the cell surface has bound to something. In other words, cyclic nucleotides act as messengers within cells for substances that cannot enter the cells themselves.

Research on Thymagen shows that it down regulates cyclic nucleotide catabolism. In other words, Thymagen slows the breakdown of cyclic nucleotides and thereby raises their levels within the cell[1]. This results in enhanced ability of cells, particularly those of the immune system, to respond to messages from other parts of the body. For example, increased levels of cyclic nucleotides could make cells of the immune system more responsive to invading pathogens by improving signaling between these cells.

Summary of nucleoside signaling (nucleotides indicated as NTPs being converted to NMPs). Thymagen has been shown to increase the pool of NTPs and potentiate down-stream effects:

NucleosidesSource: PubChem

The effects of Thymagen on the immune system begin, but don’t end at cyclic nucleotides though. Research in rat spleen and thymus has shown that Thymagen promotes the maturation of T-lymphoctye precursors into immunocompetent T-cells capable of fending off disease. This process of maturation is driven by the changes that Thymagen induces in cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels[2]. By optimizing cyclic nucleotide ratios, Thymagen helps to ensure that T-lymphocyte precursors are getting the signals that tell them they need to mature into full-flow cells of the immune system.

Thymagen, along with other immunomodulatory molecules like Immunitor and Milife, has also been shown to induce interferon secretion[3]. Interferons are signaling proteins made by host cells in response to viral infection. They serve to modulate and coordinate immune defenses against viruses, but have also been shown to ward off cancer and are generally known as immune regulators. Interferons are used currently in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, and in combination with chemotherapy and radiation in the treatment of certain cancers. They are also used in the treatment of both hepatitis B and C.

Thymagen and Inflammation

Inflammation is a process that is primarily controlled by the immune system. It therefore stands to reason that a substance capable of influencing the immune system might have an impact on inflammation as well. This turns out to be solid reasoning where Thymagen is concerned. Research shows that Thymagen helps to normalize lymphocyte counts and increase T-Cell functional activity. This leads to a desensitizing effect that down-regulates inflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.

Thymagen and Infection

Speaking specifically of the ability of Thymagen to affect the immune response to invading pathogens was a study carried out in guinea pigs infected with Yersinia enterocoliticia (a bacteria related to the bacteria that causes the Plague). The guinea pigs treated with Thymagen in this study showed increased nonspecific resistance to the bacteria as well as an increased specific humoral (antibody) response. Thymagen appeared to help regulate the immune response by focusing it on natural killer cell immunity and by helping to prevent autoimmune reactions. The overall result was to decrease the dissemination of Y. enterocoliticia and ultimately to aid in its elimination from the body[4].

Thymagen and Diabetes

Research shows that patients with type 1 diabetes are suffering from secondary immunodeficiency in many cases. Thymagen, by promoting T-Cell differentiation, removes signs of this immunodeficiency and helps to correct the deficit. In fact, a clinical effect was seen in nearly 95% of patients in the study[5].

Diabetes actually leads to immunocompromise if left untreated. One of the primary results of this is infection with candida (yeast) species. These types of infection are notoriously difficult to treat and can lead to serious morbidity in people with diabetes. Research with Thymagen indicates that it can slow candidiasis in the setting of secondary immunodeficiency and give existing treatments and edge in eradicating the fungus[6].

Thymagen and Surgery

Infections following surgery and not uncommon, particularly for abdominal surgery and for individuals with immunodeficiency. While the elderly are not considered to be immunodeficient, they are more susceptible to infection following surgery as a result of reduced immune function. Research with Thymagen reveals that administering the peptide for a week prior to surgery reduces both the number of varieties of post-operative complications. The peptide also appears to reduce the postoperative period by hastening recovery and return to normal activity[7].

Thymagen and the Heart

Thymagen has been studied as a possible treatment for several different heart conditions. The earliest research looked at the ability of Thymagen to reduce arrhythmia using 6 different models of the disease condition. Research showed a beneficial effect, including a solid dose-response curve that indicated that the observed changes were in fact legitimate[8].

Thymagen has also been studied in isolated heart models where it has been found to have superior protective properties compared to commonly used drugs like verapamil[9]. In the setting of cardiac ischemia, protecting heart muscle from further damage is one of the primary goals of treatment prior to restoration of blood flow via catheterization, bypass grafting, or clot dissolution. Treatment with cardioprotective drugs can help to prevent long-term consequences like heart failure or the need for transplant. Thus, Thymagen may be a useful adjuvant in treating ischemic cardiac injury.

Thymagen and Cancer

Research in rats shows that radiation-induced carcinogenesis can be inhibited by Thymagen. In fact, all carcinogenesis is inhibited by Thymagen, with rats exposed to radiation living roughly average lifespans while rats with no radiation exposure live above average lifespans[10]. This suggests that Thymagen may be a useful cancer preventative, helping to ward off the disease even in the setting of unknown exposures.

According to Dr. Vladimir Anisimov, a collaborator of Dr. Vladimir Khavinson and an expert in cancer development, rats treated with Thymagen have been shown to have a decreased incidence of GI cancer. In fact, regardless of immune status in the study, the rats treated with Thymagen had a 12% reduction in tumor incidence as well as a 1.7-fold reduction in the number of tumors if they did develop cancer[11]. In other words, Thymagen appears to boost immune function against cancer. This suggests that Thymagen works to boost the body’s natural killer cell defenses, which are the front line against cancer, along with other aspects of the innate immune system. This helps to not only prevent cancer from developing, but reduces the rate and severity of spread in rats that do develop cancer.

Thymagen Summary

Thymagen is a highly active peptide with primary effects on cells of the immune system. It has been shown to increase production and differentiation of T cells, stimulate the secretion of interferons, boost levels of cyclic nucleotides, and promote the functionality of the innate immune system. As a result of its effects on the innate immune system, Thymagen has also been shown to both help prevent cancer and reduce the severity of the disease.

There is good evidence that Thymagen is useful as a peri-operative preventative measures against infection. It has been shown to increase rate of recovery following surgery and is potentially cardioprotective as well.

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. E. Logan, M.D. Dr. E. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Scientific Journal Author

Vladimir Khavinson is a Professor, President of the European region of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics; Member of the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Medical Sciences; Main gerontologist of the Health Committee of the Government of Saint Petersburg, Russia; Director of the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; Vice-president of Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Head of the Chair of Gerontology and Geriatrics of the North-Western State Medical University, St-Petersburg; Colonel of medical service (USSR, Russia), retired. Vladimir Khavinson is known for the discovery, experimental and clinical studies of new classes of peptide bioregulators as well as for the development of bioregulating peptide therapy. He is engaged in studying of the role of peptides in regulation of the mechanisms of ageing. His main field of actions is design, pre-clinical and clinical studies of new peptide geroprotectors. A 40-year-long investigation resulted in a multitude of methods of application of peptide bioregulators to slow down the process of ageing and increase human life span. Six peptide-based pharmaceuticals and 64 peptide food supplements have been introduced into clinical practice by V. Khavinson. He is an author of 196 patents (Russian and international) as well as of 775 scientific publications. His major achievements are presented in two books: “Peptides and Ageing” (NEL, 2002) and “Gerontological aspects of genome peptide regulation” (Karger AG, 2005). Vladimir Khavinson introduced scientific specialty “Gerontology and Geriatrics” in the Russian Federation on the governmental level. Academic Council headed by V. Khavinson has oversighted over 200 Ph.D. and Doctorate theses from many different countries.

Prof. Vladimir Khavinson is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of Thymagen. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between

Peptide Gurus and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide.

Referenced Citations

  1. S. V. Demidov, A. N. Kostromin, V. V. Kuĭbeda, I. V. Chernaia, and M. I. Borovok, “[Effect of thymagen, thymalin and vilosen on the cAMP and cGMP levels and phosphodiesterase activity in spleen lymphocytes during sensitization and anaphylactic shock],” Ukr. Biokhimicheskii Zhurnal 1978, vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 104–106, Aug. 1991.
  2. A. L. Kozhemiakin, V. G. Morozov, and V. K. Khavinson, “[Participation of the cyclase system in the molecular mechanisms of differentiation control of immunocompetent cells],” Biokhimiia Mosc. Russ., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 658–666, Apr. 1984.
  3. D. S. Silin, O. V. Lyubomska, F. I. Ershov, V. M. Frolov, and G. A. Kutsyna, “Synthetic and natural immunomodulators acting as interferon inducers,” Curr. Pharm. Des., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 1238–1247, 2009, doi: 10.2174/138161209787846847.
  4. N. D. Iushchuk, G. I. Tseneva, T. V. Alenushkina, and L. B. Kuliashova, “[The efficacy of using thymogen in an experimental infection caused by Yersinia enterocolitica],” Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol., no. 3, pp. 106–108, Jun. 1995.
  5. E. A. Zhuk and V. A. Galenok, “[Thymogen in the treatment of type-1 diabetes mellitus],” Ter. Arkh., vol. 68, no. 10, pp. 12–14, 1996.
  6. O. K. Khmel’nitskiĭ, G. M. Iakovlev, V. L. Belianin, V. K. Khavinson, V. G. Morozov, and V. I. Deĭgin, “[The effect of a synthetic thymus peptide (thymogen) on the immune system in candidiasis under immunodepression],” Arkh. Patol., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 20–25, 1990.
  7. V. S. Smirnov, S. V. Petlenko, and S. S. El’tsin, “[Application thymogen for preoperative preparation of elderly patients with tumor processes in abdominal cavity],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 278–284, 2011.
  8. K. M. Reznikov, O. V. Vinokurova, V. V. Alabovskiĭ, and A. A. Vinokurov, “[The anti-arrhythmia properties of thymogen],” Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 31–33, Dec. 1994.
  9. O. V. Filippova, K. M. Reznikov, V. V. Alabovskił, V. V. Khamburov, and A. A. Vinokurov, “[The effect of thymogen on the heart in ischemia and reperfusion],” Eksp. Klin. Farmakol., vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 27–29, Jun. 1997.
  10. V. N. Anisimov, G. I. Miretskiĭ, V. G. Morozov, I. A. Pavel’eva, and V. K. Khavinson, “[The effect of the synthetic immunomodulator thymogen on radiation-induced carcinogenesis in rats],” Vopr. Onkol., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 451–458, 1992.
  11. V. G. Bespalov, D. N. Troian, A. S. Petrov, V. G. Morozov, and V. K. Khavinson, “[Inhibiting effect of thymogen on the development of tumors of the esophagus and forestomach induced by N-nitrososarcosine ethyl ester in rats],” Eksp. Onkol., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 23–26, 1989.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

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Bacteriostatic Water

Free (1) 30 ml Bacteriostatic Water
with qualified orders over $500 USD.
(excludes capsule products, cosmetic peptides, promo codes and shipping)

Testagen is a short, bioregulatory peptide that has primary effects on the pituitary gland and ultimately the thyroid gland. As a result of its action on these two glands, Testagen is capable of normalizing testosterone production as well as thyroid hormone production in certain settings. By normalizing thyroid hormone production, Testagen has a moderate impact on the immune system. In these cases, Testagen can be conveniently thought of as resetting the pituitary gland to a more youthful state and thereby acting as an anti-aging peptide. Testagen is being researched for its ability to boost testosterone levels, improve thyroid hormone function, and stimulate the differentiation of stem cells in the immune system to improve immune function.

Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

TESTAGEN 20MG – Research Grade Peptide

Testagen is a peptide studied for its involvement in endocrine and reproductive system research. It is commonly applied in laboratory studies related to hormonal signaling, cellular regulation, and age-associated endocrine function.

Our Testagen 20mg is produced using controlled synthesis processes to ensure high molecular accuracy and reproducibility. Supplied as a lyophilized powder, it maintains excellent stability and is suitable for both short-term experiments and long-term research projects.

Testagen is widely chosen by research organizations focusing on hormonal balance, aging science, and endocrine peptide research.

Testagen

Testagen, as the name implies, is a testosterone boosting bioregulatory peptide. Like many short peptides, Testagen crosses both the cell and nuclear membranes to interact directly with DNA. Research shows that Testagen is able to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to increase the release of thyroid stimulating hormone and, ultimately, T3 and T4 thyroid hormones. It does this even in the setting of no hypophyseal support, suggesting that it directly alters the expression patters of proteins in the pituitary gland, a function that may explain its effects on testosterone levels. Finally, because Testagen 20mg affects the pituitary gland, it has impacts on hemostasis and immunity, though these are less pronounced than its effects on thyroid stimulating hormone levels and testosterone.

 

Molecule

Testagen and Thyroid Hormone

The thyroid gland, a part of the endocrine system, is important to metabolism, growth, and reproductive function. Dysfunction of the thyroid gland can lead to difficulties with memory and concentration, changes in heart rate, difficulty regulating body temperature, weight gain, high cholesterol levels, and trouble with reproductive function.

One of the many reasons that the thyroid gland malfunctions is due to failure of the pituitary gland, the gland that regulates it. In this case, levels of another hormone, TSH, decline and do not stimulate the thyroid gland. There are a number of reasons why this may happen, but research in birds suggests that the pituitary gland can be stimulated, directly, but administration of Testagen 20mg. Testagen appears to alter DNA expression profiles in the pituitary gland to raise TSH secretion. Studies show that this results in near-normal thyroid hormone levels[1], [2].

Testagen and Tesosterone Levels

Research suggests that Testagen 20mg may help to normalize testosterone levels and thus testicular function. This may be especially pertinent to aging men suffering from declines in testosterone levels and related problems like lower bone density, decrease muscle mass, erectile dysfunction, inhibited libido, problems with cognition, and decreased energy levels.

It is important to note that the benefits of Testagen 20mg on the pituitary gland may occur even if the dysfunction is caused by tumors, medications (e.g. steroids, morphine) infection, and or autoimmune conditions. Right now, research is in its early stages so it is difficult to delineate the specific settings in which Tesagen does and does not impact the pituitary gland.

Some or all of the benefit that Testagen has on testosterone levels may be directly linked to its effects on thyroid hormone levels. Research shows that hypothyroidism can lead to low testosterone levels that are subsequently normalized with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Thyroid hormone replacement has also been shown to normalize free testosterone concentrations[3]. It stands to reason then that Testagen’s benefits on testosterone levels may, in fact, be attributable to its effects on thyroid hormone levels. More research needs to be completed in this area.

Slowed tumor growth in mice exposed to epithalon compared to controls Source: Frontiers in Endocrinology

Testagen 20 mg and the Immune System

Research by Dr. Vladimir Khavinson has shown that peptides are capable of penetrating both cell and nuclear membranes to interact directly with DNA[4]. This epigenetic regulation of gene expression extends to the genes responsible for cell differentiation. Testagen 20mg has been shown by Dr. Khavinson to help push stem cells to differentiate into cells of the immune system, indicating that the peptide could have potential positive benefits on immune function[5]. This function may be especially useful in elderly individuals experiencing senescence and loss of cell differentiation secondary to chromatin condensation.

By virtue of its effects on the immune system, Testagen may be said to have anti-aging properties. By improving immune function and immune surveillance, Testagen could help to reduce the risk of a number of autoimmune disease as well as cancers that tend to increase in prevalence with age. It is important to note that immune function is often tied to thyroid function and that low thyroid hormone levels are often associated with increased risk of infection and poor immunity. The impact of Testagen 20mg on thyroid hormone levels may be a secondary contributor to its beneficial effects on immune function.

Testagen and Blood Clotting

Dr. Boris Kuznik, who is now retired, did some of the preliminary work with Dr. Khavinson on the role of Testagen and similar peptides in the blood system. His specialty of clotting, which is not a function of the immune system per se but is closely related and is, to some extent, influenced by the thyroid gland, led him to explore the ability of Testagen to improve hemostasis (blood clotting). Early research suggests that Testagen is useful in this setting and may, in fact, be able to normalize hemostasis in certain disease conditions.

Testagen Summary

Testagen is a short, bioregulatory peptide that has primary effects on the pituitary gland and ultimately the thyroid gland. As a result of its action on these two glands, Testagen is capable of normalizing testosterone production as well as thyroid hormone production in certain settings. By normalizing thyroid hormone production, Testagen has a moderate impact on the immune system. In these cases, Testagen can be conveniently thought of as resetting the pituitary gland to a more youthful state and thereby acting as an anti-aging peptide. Testagen is being researched for its ability to boost testosterone levels, improve thyroid hormone function, and stimulate the differentiation of stem cells in the immune system to improve immune function.

Testagen exhibits minimal side effects, good oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. Testagen for sale at

Peptide Gurus is limited to educational and scientific research only, not for human consumption. Only buy Testagen if you are a licensed researcher.

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. E. Logan, M.D. Dr. E. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Scientific Journal Author

Vladimir Khavinson is a Professor, President of the European region of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics; Member of the Russian and Ukrainian Academies of Medical Sciences; Main gerontologist of the Health Committee of the Government of Saint Petersburg, Russia; Director of the Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology; Vice-president of Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Head of the Chair of Gerontology and Geriatrics of the North-Western State Medical University, St-Petersburg; Colonel of medical service (USSR, Russia), retired. Vladimir Khavinson is known for the discovery, experimental and clinical studies of new classes of peptide bioregulators as well as for the development of bioregulating peptide therapy. He is engaged in studying of the role of peptides in regulation of the mechanisms of ageing. His main field of actions is design, pre-clinical and clinical studies of new peptide geroprotectors. A 40-year-long investigation resulted in a multitude of methods of application of peptide bioregulators to slow down the process of ageing and increase human life span. Six peptide-based pharmaceuticals and 64 peptide food supplements have been introduced into clinical practice by V. Khavinson. He is an author of 196 patents (Russian and international) as well as of 775 scientific publications. His major achievements are presented in two books: “Peptides and Ageing” (NEL, 2002) and “Gerontological aspects of genome peptide regulation” (Karger AG, 2005). Vladimir Khavinson introduced scientific specialty “Gerontology and Geriatrics” in the Russian Federation on the governmental level. Academic Council headed by V. Khavinson has oversighted over 200 Ph.D. and Doctorate theses from many different countries.

Prof. Vladimir Khavinson is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of Testagen. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between

Peptide Gurus and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Prof. Vladimir Khavinson is listed in [4] and  [5] under the referenced citations.

Referenced Citations

  1. B. I. Kuznik, A. V. Pateiuk, N. S. Rusaeva, L. M. Baranchugova, and V. I. Obydenko, “[Effects of hypophyseal Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly synthetic peptides on immunity, hemostasis, morphology and functions of the thyroid gland in neonatally hypophysectomized chicken and one-year-old birds],” Patol. Fiziol. Eksp. Ter., no. 1, pp. 14–18, Mar. 2010.
  2. B. I. Kuznik, A. V. Pateiuk, N. S. Rusaeva, L. M. Baranchugova, and V. I. Obydenko, “[Effects of Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly and Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptides on hormonal activity and thyroid morphology in hypophysectomized mature and old birds],” Adv. Gerontol. Uspekhi Gerontol., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 93–98, 2011.
  3. A. W. Meikle, “The interrelationships between thyroid dysfunction and hypogonadism in men and boys,” Thyroid Off. J. Am. Thyroid Assoc., vol. 14 Suppl 1, pp. S17-25, 2004, doi: 10.1089/105072504323024552.
  4. L. I. Fedoreyeva, I. I. Kireev, V. K. Khavinson, and B. F. Vanyushin, “Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA,” Biochem. Biokhimii͡a, vol. 76, no. 11, Art. no. 11, Nov. 2011, doi: 10.1134/S0006297911110022.
  5. V. Khavinson, N. Linkova, A. Diatlova, and S. Trofimova, “Peptide Regulation of Cell Differentiation,” Stem Cell Rev. Rep., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 118–125, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1007/s12015-019-09938-8.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

Bacteriostatic Water

Free (1) 30 ml Bacteriostatic Water
with qualified orders over $500 USD.
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The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and longevity, improves exercise capacity, reduces obesity, insulin resistance and other disease processes such as osteoporosis.

Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

MOTS-c Overview

MOTS-c is a short peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome and a member of the larger group of mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs). MDPs have recently been found to be bioactive hormones that play important roles in mitochondrial communication and energy regulation. Originally thought to be related to the mitochondria only, new research has revealed that many MDPs are active in the cell nucleus and that some even make their way into the blood stream to have systemic effects. MOTS-c is a newly identified MDP that has, to date, been found to play important roles in metabolism, weight regulation, exercise capacity, longevity, and even processes leading to disease states like osteoporosis. MOTS-c has been found in the nucleus of cells as well as in the general circulation, making it a bonafide natural hormone. The peptide has been targeted for intensive research in the last five years due to its therapeutic potential.

MOTS-c Structure

MOTS-C StructureMOTS-C Structure, De BQUB17-JHolguera – Trabajo propio, CC BY-SA 4.0
Source: WikipediaSequence: Met-Arg-Trp-Gln-Glu-Met-Gly-Tyr-Ile-Phe-Tyr-Pro-Arg-Lys-Leu-Arg
Molecular Formula: C101H152N28O22S2
Molecular Weight: 2174.64 g/mol
PubChem SID: 255386757
CAS Number: 1627580-64-6
Synonyms: Mitochondrial open reading frame of the 12S rRNA-c, MT-RNR1

MOTS-c Research

Muscle Metabolism

Research in mice indicates the MOTS-c can reverse age-dependent insulin resistance in muscles, thereby improving muscle uptake of glucose. It does this by improving skeletal muscle response to AMPK activation, which in turn increases the expression of glucose transporters[1]. It is important to note that this activation is independent of the insulin pathway and thus offers an alternative means of boosting glucose uptake by muscles when insulin is ineffective or in insufficient quantity. The net result is improved muscle function, enhanced muscle growth, and decreased functional insulin resistance.

Fat Metabolism

Research in mice has shown that low levels of estrogen lead to increased fat mass and dysfunction of normal adipose tissue. This scenario increases the risk of developing insulin resistance and, subsequently, the risk of developing diabetes. Supplementing mice with MOTS-c, however, increases brown fat function and reduces the accumulation of adipose tissue. It also appears that the peptide prevents adipose dysfunction and the adipose inflammation that typically precedes insulin resistance[2].

It appears that at least part of the influence that MOTS-c has on fat metabolism is mediated through activation of the AMPK pathway. This well-defined pathway is turned on when cellular energy levels are low and it drives the uptake of both glucose and fatty acids by cells for metabolism. It is also the pathway that is activated in ketogenic diets, like the Atkin’s diet, which promote fat metabolism while protecting lean body mass. MOTS-c targets the methionine-folate cycle, increases AICAR levels, and activates AMPK.

New research suggests that MOTS-c can actually leave the mitochondria and make its way to the nucleus where the peptide can affect nuclear gene expression. Following metabolic stress, MOTS-c has been shown to regulate nuclear genes involved in glucose restriction and antioxidant responses[3].

MOTS-C StructureMOTS-c has effects in both the mitochondria and the nucleus.
Source: Cell Metabolism

Evidence from mice indicates that MOTS-c, particularly in the setting of obesity, is an important regulator of sphingolipid, monoacylglycerol, and dicarboxylate metabolism. By down-regulating these pathways and increasing beta-oxidation, MOTS-c appears to prevent fat accumulation[4]. Some of these effects are almost certainly mediated via MOTS-c action in the nucleus. Research on MOTS-c has led to a new hypothesis about fat deposition and insulin resistance that is gaining traction in the scientific community and may offer a new means of intervening in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes. It appears that dysregulation of fat metabolism in mitochondria may result in a lack of fat oxidation. This leads to higher levels of circulating fat and thus forces the body to boost insulin levels in an effort to clear lipids from the bloodstream. The consequence of this action is increased fat deposition and a homeostatic change in the body as it adapts to (and becomes resistant to) chronically higher levels of insulin[5].

MOTS-c supplementation in rats prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and prevents the accumulation of fat even in the setting of a high-fat diet.

MOTS-c supplementation in rats prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and prevents the accumulation of fat even in the setting of a high-fat diet.
Source: Cell Metabolism

Insulin Sensitivity

Research measuring MOTS-c levels in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant individuals has shown that the protein is associated with insulin sensitivity only in lean individuals. In other words, MOTS-c appears to be important in the pathogenesis of insulin insensitivity, but not in the maintenance of the condition[6]. Scientists speculate that the peptide maybe a useful means of monitoring pre-diabetic lean individuals and that changes in MOTS-c levels could act as an early warning sign of potential insulin insensitivity. Supplementation with MOTS-c in this setting could help to stave off insulin resistance and thus the development of diabetes. Research in mice thus far has been promising, but more work is needed to understand the full impact of MOTS-c on insulin regulation.

Osteoporosis

MOTS-c appears to play a role in the synthesis of type I collagen by osteoblasts in bone. Research in osteoblast cell lines shows that MOTS-c regulates the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway responsible for the health and survival of osteoblasts. By promoting osteoblast survival, MOTS-c helps to improve type I collagen synthesis and therefore the strength and integrity of bone[7].

Additional research in osteoporosis has revealed that MOTS-c promotes the differentiation of bone marrow stem cells via the same TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. In the study, this directly led to increased osteogenesis (formation of new bone)[8]. Thus, not only does MOTS-c protect osteoblasts and promote their survival, it promotes their development from stem cells as well.

Longevity

Research on MOTS-c has identified a specific change in the peptide that is associated with longevity in certain human populations, such as the Japanese. The change in the MOTS-c gene, in this case, leads to the substitution of a glutamate residue for the lysine that is normally found in position 14 of the protein. It is not clear how this change affects the functional aspects of the protein, but that it does is almost certain as glutamate has radically different properties than lysine and thus would change both the structure and the function of the MOTS-c gene. More research is required to understand how this change affects function, but it is found exclusively in people with Northeast Asian ancestry and is thought to play a role in the exceptional longevity seen in this population[9].

According to Dr. Changhan David Lee, a researcher at the School of Gerontology at USC Leonard Davis, mitochondrial biology holds the keep to extending both lifespan and healthspan in humans. The mitochondria, being the single most important metabolic organelle, is “strongly implicated in aging and age-related diseases.” Until now, dietary restriction offered the only reliable means of affecting mitochondrial function and thus longevity. Peptides like MOTS-c, however, may make it possible to directly impact mitochondrial function in a more profound way.

Heart Health

Research measuring MOTS-c levels in humans undergoing coronary angiography has revealed that patients with lower levels of MOTS-c in the blood have higher levels of endothelial cell dysfunction. Endothelial cells line the inside of blood vessels and are integral to the regulation of blood pressure, blood clotting, and plaque formation. Additional research in rats suggests that while MOTS-c does not directly affect blood vessel responsiveness, it does sensitize endothelial cells to the effects of other signaling molecules, like acetylcholine. Supplementing rats with MOTS-c has been shown to improve endothelial function and improve microvascular and epicardial blood vessel function[10].

MOTS-c is not alone among mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) in affecting heart health. Research suggests that at least three MDPs play roles in protecting cardiac cells against stress and inflammation. There is good reason to believe that MDP dysregulation is also an important factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. The peptides may even be important factors in reperfusion injury and, as pointed out above, in endothelial function[11].

MOTS-c exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. MOTS-c for sale at Peptide Gurus is limited to educational and scientific research only, not for human consumption. Only buy MOTS-c if you are a licensed researcher.

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Scientific Journal Author

Changhan David Lee

Dr. Changhan David Lee, contributor to “MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism,” and “The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress,” is a researcher at the School of Gerontology at USC Leonard Davis.

Pinchas Cohen, MD, is the dean of the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, executive director of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, and holder of the William and Sylvia Kugel Dean’s Chair in Gerontology. He is an expert in the study of mitochondrial peptides and their possible therapeutic benefits for diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and other diseases related to aging. Cohen’s current research focus is on the emerging science of mitochondria-derived peptides, which he discovered. These peptides include humanin, a 24-amino acid peptide encoded from the mt-16S-rRNA. It is a novel, centrally acting insulin sensitizer and metaboloprotective factor representing a new therapeutic and diagnostic target in diabetes and related disease. Other mitochondrial peptides of interest include MOTS-c, a second peptide encoded from a small ORF in the 12S region of the mitochondrial chromosome that has potent anti-diabetes and anti-obesity effect and acts as an exercise-mimetic, and SHLP2, a peptide encoded from the light strand of the mt-16S-rRNA region whose levels correlate with prostate cancer.

Dr. Changhan David Lee and Dr. Pinchas Cohen are being referenced as leading scientists involved in the research and development of Humanin. In no way are these doctors/scientists endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between

Peptide Gurus and these doctors. The purpose of citing the doctors is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Dr. Changhan David Lee is listed in [1] [3] Dr. Pinchas Cohen is listed in [9] under the referenced citations.

Referenced Citations

  1. C. Lee, K. H. Kim, and P. Cohen, “MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolism,” Free Radic. Biol. Med., vol. 100, pp. 182–187, Nov. 2016. [PMC]
  2. H. Lu et al., “MOTS-c peptide regulates adipose homeostasis to prevent ovariectomy-induced metabolic dysfunction,” J. Mol. Med. Berl. Ger., vol. 97, no. 4, pp. 473–485, Apr. 2019. [PubMed]
  3. K. H. Kim, J. M. Son, B. A. Benayoun, and C. Lee, “The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress,” Cell Metab., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 516-524.e7, Sep. 2018. [PMC]
  4. S.-J. Kim et al., “The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and enhances insulin sensitivity,” Physiol. Rep., vol. 7, no. 13, p. e14171, Jul. 2019. [PubMed]
  5. R. Crescenzo, F. Bianco, A. Mazzoli, A. Giacco, G. Liverini, and S. Iossa, “A possible link between hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and diet-induced insulin resistance,” Eur. J. Nutr., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 1–6, Feb. 2016. [BMJ]
  6. L. R. Cataldo, R. Fernández-Verdejo, J. L. Santos, and J. E. Galgani, “Plasma MOTS-c levels are associated with insulin sensitivity in lean but not in obese individuals,” J. Investig. Med., vol. 66, no. 6, pp. 1019–1022, Aug. 2018. [PubMed]
  7. N. Che et al., “MOTS-c improves osteoporosis by promoting the synthesis of type I collagen in osteoblasts via TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway,” Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 3183–3189, Apr. 2019. [PubMed]
  8. B.-T. Hu and W.-Z. Chen, “MOTS-c improves osteoporosis by promoting osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via TGF-β/Smad pathway,” Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci., vol. 22, no. 21, pp. 7156–7163, Nov. 2018. [PubMed]
  9. N. Fuku et al., “The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c: A player in exceptional longevity?,” Aging Cell, vol. 14, Aug. 2015. [Research Gate]
  10. Q. Qin et al., “Downregulation of circulating MOTS-c levels in patients with coronary endothelial dysfunction,” Int. J. Cardiol., vol. 254, pp. 23–27, 01 2018. [PubMed]
  11. Y. Yang et al., “The role of mitochondria-derived peptides in cardiovascular disease: Recent updates,” Biomed. Pharmacother. Biomedecine Pharmacother., vol. 117, p. 109075, Jun. 2019. [PubMed]

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

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